S

Family in Nice society with daughter who attends Howard theater evening.

Sabatier Family

Wealthy French family with at least two marriageable daughters in Nice society.

Sabatini

«Mme Sabatini, l'Italienne» (Mon Journal t.4 index: «Sabatini (Mme), Italienne», pp. 223–360; t.5 pp. 58–195; t.6 p. 28), an Italian lady who walks with Marie at Nice every day from November 1874 to autumn 1875 to practise Italian conversation. Her first name is not given.

Sacchi

The owner of a villa adjacent to the Patton property in Nice who was attempting to sell his property urgently in June 1873 due to a criminal legal matter — he needed 10,000 francs immediately or faced condemnation. The Bashkirtseff family inspected the property and considered buying it for 60,000–65,000 francs, but negotiations dragged on and the purchase did not proceed. M. Patton was involved as an intermediary, and an architect named Biasini was brought in to assess the property.

Sacco

M. and Mme Sacco, florists in Nice, who were also Marie's family's **landlords** in 1873-74: Mon Journal t.1 index «Sacco (M. et Mme), fleuriste», t.2 «Sacco (Mme), fleuriste», t.3 and t.4 «Sacco, fleuriste». The flower shop is the one Marie and the Howards visit for bouquets (003/1873-04-11, 003.0271: the 300-franc monster bouquet; 012/1873-11-04 and 11-05, 012.0053, 012.0068), but the Saccos are more than tradespeople.

Sacha

Sadet

A dressmaker in Kharkov, autumn 1876. The Mon Journal t.9 index has «Sadet (couturière)». Nothing more is known of her.

Saetone (Andriot)

Andriot Saetone is a Niçois man who acts as intermediary and go-between in Marie's social circle, particularly in matters involving Audiffret. Marie gives him multiple code names: "Mercure" (Mercury, messenger of the gods), "Enoteas" (anagram/wordplay on Saetone), and "Satan-Saetone" (combining his name with the devil). She also calls him "le Grand Mercure" (the chief messenger).

Sahnier

- Type: people - mentioned

Saïd

Saïd appears to be a servant or staff member in the Bashkirtseff household in Nice during 1873. He is mentioned briefly in Marie's September 17, 1873 diary entry when she discusses ordering a livery (uniform) for him.

Saint Agathe

Saint Aignan

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint Augustin

Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430), Father of the Church, author of the *Confessions*. In Rome on 18 February 1876, at the Capitol ball, Marie and Pietro Antonelli talk «de saint Augustin et de l'abbé Prévost» (054.0279), the Father of the Church side by side with the author of *Manon Lescaut* (footnote there).

Saint Charles

Saint Germain

- Type: places - cities

Saint Martin Lemtasque

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint Pere

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint Philippe du Roule

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint Pierre

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint Serge (Eglise Saint-Serge)

Saint Serge likely refers to a Russian Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Sergius of Radonezh, one of the most venerated saints in the Russian Orthodox tradition. In the context of Marie Bashkirtseff's diary, this may refer to:

Saint Stanislas

- Type: people - mentioned

Saint-Jean (Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat)

Fishing village and small harbour on the Cap Ferrat peninsula, east of Nice, beside the roadstead of Villefranche-sur-Mer. In 1875 it was a hamlet of the commune of Villefranche; it became a commune of its own only in 1904 (Wikipedia, "Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat"). Not to be confused with the Quai Saint-Jean in Paris.

Saint-Petersbourg

Saint-Petersbourg was the capital of the Russian Empire from 1712 to 1918. Founded by Peter the Great in 1703, it was Russia's "window on Europe" - a planned city built in Western European style on the Baltic Sea.

Sainte Marie

Sainte Marie Batignolles

- Type: people - mentioned

Sainte-Beuve

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869), major French literary critic and writer.

Sainte-femmes

Sainte-Helene

Saint Helena, the island in the South Atlantic where Napoleon I died in exile in 1821; for Marie, a Bonapartist, a byword for French ingratitude (080.0404, 101.0299, 101.0472).

Saintes femmes

Saison d'octobre (Les Ramasseurs de pommes de terre)

*Saison d'octobre* (*October*; also called *Les Ramasseurs de pommes de terre*, the potato harvest) is a large life-size picture by [Jules Bastien-Lepage](../../people/recurring/BASTIEN_LEPAGE.md), painted at Damvillers in 1878 and shown at the [Salon](./SALON.md) of 1879. It is oil on canvas, 180.7 × 196.0 cm, in the **National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne** (Felton Bequest, 1928). (Sources: NGV collection record, work 3768; the date of the Salon is that given by the project's reader footnote at 102.0310.)

Salamanca

No mention in the diary text. The only tag is on 093.0264 (1881-10-20), where Marie, leaving Spain, has finished her sketch of the antique dealer's shop, bought old fabrics «pour trois cents francs», and takes tender leave of «al senior Don Lorenzo»; the word «Salamanca» does not occur in the paragraph or in its notes. The frontmatter location of that day's entry is Cordoba.

Salms

Probably Alexis de Solms (born 1852; identification 0.8), the son of the Parisian hostess Marie Rattazzi (Marie-Lætitia Bonaparte-Wyse, 1831–1902) by her first marriage; according to Wikipedia his natural father was the Count Alexis de Pomereu, while the Solms name came from her first husband, Frédéric de Solms (en.wikipedia «Marie Bonaparte-Wyse»). Marie's text agrees: «Salms, le fils de la célèbre Rattazzi» (101.0456); his fortune is «laissée par le marquis de Pommeren dont il est le fils et qui a enrichi sa mère» (101.0458); «Il n'est même pas comte, quoiqu'il le mette sur ses cartes. La famille de Salms lui a, dit-on, fait interdire de porter ce titre, le mari de sa mère n'étant que M. Salms tout court». The Mon Journal t.16 index reads «Salms (M.), fils de Mme Rattazzi : 42, 55–56» (the name «Pommeren (marquis) : 42» is there too) and t.15 «Salms (comte de) : 122». See [RATTAZZI](RATTAZZI.md).

Salon (Paris Salon)

The Paris Salon was the official annual art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. It was the most prestigious art event in France and the Western world during the 19th century, determining artistic reputation and commercial success.

Salon (Social Gathering)

A salon was a regular social gathering hosted by a prominent woman (or occasionally a man) at their private residence, where invited guests conversed, discussed literature, art, politics, and current events. The French salon tradition, dating from the 17th century, was still thriving in Marie's era and served as the primary venue for intellectual and social networking in Parisian upper-class society.

Salon 1881

- Type: people - mentioned

Salting

Participant in Monaco pigeon shoots during the 1870s.

Salviati (Mme Gaston de Larderel, née Salviati)

The tag is used for the wife of Count Gaston de Larderel, Alexandre's elder brother: «la comtesse de Larderel, née Salviati» (071.0071). thepeerage.com p8752 names her Isabella Salviati, daughter of Duke Scipione Salviati and Arabelle de Fitzjames, and mother of Count Francesco Larderel. Marie gives the same parentage: «sa mère est française (Fitz James) et son père est le duc Salviati second fils du prince Borghèse» (073.0342).

Salvini

- Type: people - mentioned

Samaritaines

Charitable organization in Nice that benefited from concerts and cultural events in the 1870s. Marie mentions attending a charity concert for their benefit at Valrose on March 1, 1874.

Samartseff

Beneficiary of charity concert in Nice, February 1874.

San Carlo

The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, the city's great opera house (opened 1737). In February 1877 Marie goes to its charity *veglione* (Carnival masked ball, 10 February; see [Veglione](../../culture/social_customs/VEGLIONE.md)) and hears «Les Guaranis» (Gomes, *Il Guarany*) there on 11 February (carnet 068); she returns for *La Forza del destino* on 25 February (carnet 069).

San Cesario

San Pietro a Mayella

- Type: people - mentioned

San Remo

[Research needed]

Sandford

[Research needed]

Sandwich

Sandwich, a dog of the Bashkirtseff household in Nice in October 1874; the Mon Journal t.4 index has «Sandwich, chien, 178». The entry is filed under people but names a pet. It has no connection with the Earl of Sandwich, whom the t.2 index lists separately.

Sant Elia

Santa Lucia

- Type: people - mentioned

Santa Severina

Prince Greuther, duke of Santa Severina, a Neapolitan nobleman presented to the Bashkirtseffs in Naples on 15 April 1877 by Nasimoff (the Russian vice-consul). Mon Journal t.10 index: «Greuther (prince, duc de Santa Severina)», pp.118, 172, 194. Marie's only appearance of him in person is in the guest list of that evening: «Et le prince Greuther duc de Santa Severina, présenté cet après-midi par Nasimoff» (070.0620). Later, in her musing on marriage and money, she uses «le plus beau duc de Melito ou prince de Santa Severina du monde» as a type of titled husband (071.0304, 071/1877-05-13; not tagged), which presumably alludes to him and to the duke of Melito. No other biographical detail is given.

Santasiglia

- Type: people - mentioned

Sapho (Daudet)

*Sapho*, novel by Alphonse Daudet ([ALPHONSE_DAUDET](ALPHONSE_DAUDET.md)), published in 1884, the story of a young man's long liaison with a former artists' model, Fanny Legrand (en.wikipedia «Sapho (novel)»). Not Gounod's opera *Sapho* ([SAPHO_OPERA](../theater/SAPHO_OPERA.md)).

Sapho / Saffo (opera)

Marie writes "Sapho" for an opera about the Greek poet Sappho that she sees in Nice at the turn of 1875-76 and again in Naples in March 1877. Two works fit, and the diary does not decide between them:

Sapogenikoff Family

A Russian family with daughters Marie and Olga who become close friends with Marie Bashkirtseff in Nice during 1875. They are part of the Russian expatriate community and participate in the social life of the French Riviera.

Sarah Bernhardt (born Henriette-Rosine Bernard, 22 or 23 October 1844, Paris -- 26 March 1923, Paris) was the most famous French stage actress of the century. She made her name at the Odéon in François Coppée's *Le Passant* (1869), became a member of the Comédie-Française in 1872 (sociétaire from 1875) and left it in 1880 to run her own company and to tour Europe and America. She also painted and sculpted and exhibited at the Salon, which is why Marie always judged her both as an actress and as a rival artist ([Wikipedia, "Sarah Bernhardt"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt)). Her one marriage, to the Greek diplomat-turned-actor Jacques (Aristidis) Damala, took place in London in April 1882 and soon failed ([Wikipedia, "Jacques Damala"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Damala)).

Sarah Purser

Sarah Purser (1848-1943), Irish painter, a pupil at the Académie Julian in 1878-79 (Wikipedia, «Sarah Purser»), and later a leading figure of Irish art. Mon Journal indexes: «Purser (Sarah), élève à l'atelier Julian : 255, 260-261» (t.12), «Purser (Sarah) élève atelier Julian : 116, 149» (t.13), «Purser (Sarah) : 266» (t.14). In the diary she is «Sarah».

Sardou

Victorien Sardou (1831–1908), French dramatist, author of the comedies *Les Ganaches* (1862), *Daniel Rochat* (Théâtre-Français, first night 16 February 1880), and many melodramas (en.wikipedia «Victorien Sardou»; chronological list of his plays at archive.org, with *Daniel Rochat*, comédie en cinq actes, first played at the Comédie-Française on 16 February 1880). The Mon Journal t.13 index has «Sardou (Victorien), comédien : 188» (sic).

Sarlande

- Type: people - mentioned

Sarno

- Type: people - mentioned

Saugster

A London umbrella and parasol maker whom Marie patronises in September 1874; the Mon Journal t.4 index has «Saugster, magasin, 137».

Sautereau

M. Sautereau was a minor recurring acquaintance in Marie's Paris social circle in early-to-mid 1883, one of several young gentlemen who appear as escorts and evening guests around the family's salon at 30 rue Ampère.

Savarre

[Research needed]

Savelieff

- Type: people - mentioned

Savine

A young gambler, introduced to the Bashkirtseffs at Monte Carlo in March 1882 as the nephew of M. Meinaux, the brother-in-law of Marie's father; the Mon Journal t.14 index has «Savine (M., neveu de M. Meinaux) : 294–295, 298, 300, 302, 304–305». Marie's father «a trouvé à Monaco un neveu». His first name is not given.

Savitch

- Type: people - mentioned

Saxon

- Type: people - mentioned

Scala Santa

- Type: people - mentioned

Scalchi

Sofia Scalchi (1850–1922), Italian contralto, a long-time member of the Covent Garden company; she sang Siébel in the Metropolitan Opera's first production, Gounod's *Faust*, on 22 October 1883 (en.wikipedia «Sofia Scalchi»; Opera Scotland). The diary does not give her first name.

Scarati

- Type: people - mentioned

Schablikine

A young Russian (Mon Journal t.4 index: «Schablikine (Jean), 230, 250»; the t.10 index has «Chablikine (M.), 182, 212»), among the Russian colony of Nice in 1874. The glossary has a second stub, [CHABLIKINE](CHABLIKINE.md), for the same name. Marie spells it Schablikine and Shablikine.

Schaeppi

- Type: people - mentioned

Schah

- Type: people - mentioned

Schestakoff

The vicomte Schestakoff (Chestakoff) and his wife, a Russian couple at Nice in 1874; the Mon Journal t.4 index has «Schestakoff (vicomte), 228–229» and «Schestakoff (vicomtesse), 216, 250» and a separate «Chestakoff (Mme), 294, 307». The husband is described as a military agent (attaché) at Trieste. No first names are given.

Schettino

M. Schettino, a Neapolitan skater and society acquaintance of Marie in Naples, April 1877 (carnets 070-071). Mon Journal t.10 index: «Schettino (M.)», pp.113, 118, 122, 126, 132, 145. He was «présenté hier au Skating» on 13 April and left his cards the next day; with Pascarola he guides Marie through the Exposition (070.0586). Marie's verdict on 17 April: he and Marini are not gentlemen, «un avocat et un monsieur, je ne sais quoi qui patinent bien et avec toutes les dames» (070.0673). He nevertheless appears among the guests of the 15 April soirée («Schettino arrive le premier», 070.0620), among the "skaters" she has left on 20 April («Comme patineurs je n'avais que Campomarino et Schettino», 070.0738), and he is still with the party on 27 April (071.0018). No first name, rank or biography is given in the diary or the index.

Schiller

- Type: people - mentioned

Schinina

- Type: people - mentioned

Schlangenbad

Schlangenbad ("Snake Bath") is a small spa town in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis district of Hessen, Germany, situated about 15 km north of Wiesbaden. Its thermal springs, discovered in the mid-17th century, maintain a constant temperature of about 30 degrees C and are rich in minerals.

Schneider

Hortense Schneider (1833–1920), the most celebrated operetta soprano of the Second Empire, creator of the title roles in Offenbach's *La Belle Hélène*, *La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein* and *La Périchole* (1868) (en.wikipedia «Hortense Schneider»). The Mon Journal t.3 index has «Schneider (Hortense), cantatrice, 195».

Schnier

- Type: people - mentioned

Schulenberg

[Research needed]

Schulz

- Type: people - mentioned

Schwarz (Prince Auguste zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen)

«Schwarz» («black»), «le prince noir», is Marie's name for Prince Auguste zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen, the elder and dark of the two Hohenlohe princes she watches and teases at the Kurhaus of Soden in July–August 1878 («Je prends Auguste le brun, elle prend Hans, le blond», 081.0509). Mon Journal t.12 index: «Hohenlohe-Oeringen (Auguste) [Schwarz], fils de la précédente», his mother being «Hohenlohe-Oeringen (princesse de), née Pauline de Fürstenberg». His brother is [HANS](HANS.md); the pair, [HOHENLOHE_PRINCES](HOHENLOHE_PRINCES.md).

Scotland

Scotland is mentioned in the May 1, 1873 entry in a significant context. When discussing summer travel plans at lunch, Mlle Collignon suggests "the mountains of Scotland" while looking at Marie, causing her to blush intensely.

Scott

The surname covers two different referents in Marie's text: (1) **Sir Walter Scott** (1771–1832), the Scottish novelist and poet, three paragraphs; and (2) **Scott**, a London maker of waterproofs (Mon Journal t.4 index: «Scott, magasin d'habillement, 137»), one paragraph. The Mon Journal also indexes the novelist: t.4 «Scott (Walter), poète et romancier, 278», t.8 «Scott Walter (écrivain) : 236».

Scotti

- Type: people - mentioned

Sculpture

[Research needed]

Sculpture group and bust for the Nice exhibition (1878)

In December 1877 and January 1878 Marie, then three months into her work at the Académie Julian, arranged with [Julian](../../people/recurring/RODOLPHE_JULIAN.md) to have a piece of sculpture shown at the **art exhibition opening at Nice on 15 January 1878**. The diary calls it first "un groupe de sculpture" (076.0433) and later, when it arrives, "le buste que je dois exposer" (077.0202). Whether these are one object whose scale changed or two projects, whether she modelled it, and whether it was exhibited are all unanswered in the paragraphs the project has checked. Nothing survives or is reproduced.

Second Empire

Sedan

[Research needed]

Seignettes

A family of Nice «parvenus» (Marie's word), acquaintances of the [Howards](../recurring/HOWARD_FAMILY.md): Kernberger (2013), in her glossary, has «Seignettes: acquaintances of the Howards in Nice». The Mon Journal t.1 index has «Seignette (famille), 190», t.5 «Seignette (la), 73». «Les deux Seignettes» are two members of the family; first names are not given.

Seilliere

[Research needed]

Seine et Marne

- Type: people - mentioned

Selemeff

- Type: people - mentioned

Self Description

Self-Analysis

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs where Marie explicitly names, analyzes, or dwells on her emotional states -- not simply feeling emotions (every entry does that) but passages where emotion itself becomes the subject of reflection. It is one of the diary's recurring themes, reflecting Marie's extraordinary commitment to mapping her inner life.

Senegal

- Type: people - mentioned

Séraphin

Count Alexandre de Larderel's valet. The Mon Journal t.10 index has «Séraphin (valet de chambre de Larderel), 88, 128, 150, 218, 221, 224-225, 229-230, 265». Marie calls him «le valet de chambre» (070.0763).

Séraphine de Toulouse-Lautrec

Daughter of the comte de Toulouse-Lautrec, whom the family calls «diadia» in Nice in late 1873, and mother of a young marquis who has just inherited a fortune. Tome02 name index: «Toulouse-Lautrec (Séraphine de) fille, 186, 197, 203-206, 215, 255, 262»; «Toulouse-Lautrec (marquis de) (fils de Séraphine), 186, 194»; «Diadia (oncle en russe): Toulouse-Lautrec». The index's «fille» makes her the comte's daughter, but her son is indexed as «marquis de Toulouse-Lautrec», so she may be his daughter-in-law (0.6 daughter). A girlhood friend of Marie's mother: «C'est my mother's friend, - friends of girlhood» (013.0141).

Serbia (Serbie)

Serbia appears in Marie Bashkirtseff's diary in the context of Balkan politics and the Eastern Question. The Principality of Serbia (a kingdom from 1882) was gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire during Marie's diary years, with Russian support. The Serbian cause was a topic of political discussion in the salons Marie frequented.

Serikoff

- Type: people - mentioned

Serra Gerace

- Type: people - mentioned

Sevastianoff

[Research needed]

Seville (Seville)

Seville, the capital of Andalusia in southern Spain, was a destination on the Bashkirtseff family's travels through Spain. Famous for its Moorish architecture (the Alcazar, the Giralda), its cathedral (the largest Gothic church in the world), and its passionate culture of flamenco and bullfighting, Seville offered Marie a dramatically different aesthetic experience from her usual French and Italian surroundings.

Sevres

The town on the Seine south-west of Paris. Marie knows it as the place where she painted her last large open-air picture, *Le Printemps*, in the old orchard in the spring and early summer of 1884, and once, earlier, as a destination of a day by train and as a porcelain name.

Shah de Perse

- Type: people - mentioned

Shakespeare

[Research needed]

Shepheard's Hotel

Famous British colonial hotel in Cairo where the Duke of Hamilton stayed during his Egyptian travels.

Shier

- Type: people - mentioned

Shipinsky

- Type: people - mentioned

Shopping & Errands

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs where Marie or her family buy things, go to shops, order goods, or run errands: visits to the dressmaker, milliner and glover, trips to bookshops and art suppliers, buying presents, ordering furniture for a new villa, "faire des courses" in town. Shopping in the diary is both a social outing (with her aunt, her mother, Dina) and a record of the family's spending and taste.

Si j etais Roi

- Type: people - mentioned

Siberie

- Type: people - mentioned

Silène (la Righi)

Simone

Seamstress or dressmaker who handles alterations and fittings for Marie's clothing, including pieces from prestigious fashion houses like Worth.

Simonides (artist couple)

"The Simonides household" (le ménage Simonidès) were an artist couple living in Paris whom Marie met around late April 1880, apparently through Académie Julian connections. The wife was known to Marie "from Julian's" and was a painter and singer of classical Italian romances. She dressed in a Boccaccio-era aesthetic (white Japanese crepe, antique goldsmith jewelry). The husband was described as "handsome and young" and both produced paintings and drawings in a Renaissance-imitation style — subjects including the death of Beatrice, the death of Laura, and scenes from Boccaccio's Decameron. They lived in seclusion and associated only with a few artists.

Simonoff

- Type: people - mentioned

Sinanides

- Type: people - mentioned

Sir Frederic Johnstone

Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet (1841-1913), a British baronet and racing man of the Prince of Wales's set, co-respondent with Viscount Cole in the Mordaunt divorce case (Mordaunt v. Mordaunt, Cole and Johnstone, 1870; divorce granted 1875) (Wikipedia, «Sir Frederick Johnstone, 8th Baronet»; «Harriet Mordaunt»). Marie never met him: the Nice man she took for him was «M. Olliver» (below). He was known for his involvement in the racing world and his connections to the Prince of Wales's circle.

Sir W. Call

Winner or honoree at 1874 Monaco Pigeon Shoot.

Siraudin

- Type: people - mentioned

Sirs

- Type: people - mentioned

Sivari

Musician performing with Planté in Nice concert.

Sivori

[Research needed]

Skariatine

- Type: people - mentioned

skating

- Type: people - mentioned

Skating Naples

Skebinsky

Skebinsky appears to be a legal professional or intermediary involved in handling some family legal matter for Marie's mother at Gavronzi during summer 1881.

Smelsky

- Type: people - mentioned

Smirnoff

A gentleman in the Nice Russian social circle who appears at various gatherings and social events.

Smith (furniture shop, Paris)

A Paris furniture dealer and decorator whom the Bashkirtseffs consult in May-June 1874 while furnishing their new home: Mon Journal t.3 index «Smith, magasin de meubles, 191, 197, 214, 230, 236». Not a person of Marie's acquaintance; not [Miss Smith](../../people/mentioned/MISS_SMITH.md) of Florence.

Snyders

- Type: people - mentioned

Socialism

- Type: people - mentioned

Società Filarmonica (Naples)

An aristocratic music and theatre club of Naples whose concerts and amateur performances Marie attends in March-April 1877. She calls it by its French and Italian names indifferently, and says so: «c'est le sympathique Gatowsky qui nous emmène au Cercle, ou a la société filarmonica où l'on joue ce soir une comédie française» (070.0911, 24 April 1877). The invitation she pastes in on 12 March 1877, «pour un concert du Cercle Philharmonique», is headed «Società Filarmonica» (069.0282-0283), and the printed programme of 25 March is «Società Filarmonica. Programma del concerto vocale e strumentale di musica sacra» (069.0518). «On dit que toute l'aristocratie y va» (069.0282); its president is the duke of San Cesario (069.0457), the orchestra is made up of gentlemen amateurs (see the concert entry).

Society & Reputation

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs where social life is itself the subject: a ball, a reception or a salon described and judged, rank and precedence, gossip and slander, being received or snubbed, reputation lost or defended. Marie lives in the world of the Riviera and Paris colonies and writes about it as an anthropologist and as a participant.

Soden (Bad Soden am Taunus)

Soden am Taunus (today Bad Soden am Taunus) is a German spa town in Hesse, nestled on the southern slopes of the Taunus mountains near Frankfurt. In the 19th century it was a fashionable health resort known for its mineral springs rich in carbonic acid and iron oxide, which were promoted for treating respiratory ailments. The town received the "Bad" (bath/spa) prefix only in 1922.

Sodome et Gomorrhe

The two cities of the plain destroyed by fire from heaven for their wickedness in the book of Genesis (Genesis 18–19).

Soldatenkoff

Marie meets M. Soldatenkoff in Madrid on 10 October 1881; she calls him «un marchand millionnaire qui voyage beaucoup et adore les arts et les artistes» (093.0201). The Mon Journal t.14 index reads «Soldatenkoff (M.), marchand : 223». This is very probably Kozma Terentyevich Soldatenkov (1818–1901), the Moscow textile industrialist, publisher and collector of Russian art (his gallery on Myasnitskaya held over two hundred Russian paintings), a major patron of the arts (en.wikipedia «Kozma Soldatyonkov»; Russian State Library page) (confidence 0.8; the diary gives no first name).

Soldini

- Type: people - mentioned

Solominka

Solominka appears frequently in Marie Bashkirtseff's 1873 diary as a regular companion and member of their social circle in Nice. The name suggests Russian or Eastern European origins, fitting with the expatriate community around the Bashkirtseffs.

Solominka (Mme Markevitch)

Somaglia

Italian nobles of the Somaglia name whom Marie meets on her travels: the Mon Journal indexes list «Somaglia (M.), Italien» (t.4 pp. 64, 68, 210), «Somaglia (Mme)» (t.4 pp. 263, 303), «Somaglia (comtesse)» (t.5 p. 24), «Somaglia (comte)» (t.5 p. 39) and «Somaglia (princesse)» (t.9 p. 247). The diary gives no first names; the tags join at least a count, a countess and, in Rome in 1876, a princess. (The separate entry COMTESSE_SOMAGLIA was merged into this one.)

Sommier

- Type: people - mentioned

Songs Without Words (Mendelssohn)

Felix Mendelssohn's *Lieder ohne Worte*: a series of short lyrical piano pieces written between 1829 and 1845, eight volumes of six pieces each, published separately. In France they were known as *romances sans paroles*, a staple of the amateur pianist's repertoire. (Source: Wikipedia, "Songs Without Words", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_Without_Words.) Public domain. For the composer see [Mendelssohn](MENDELSSOHN.md) and, for the concerto Marie also played, [Mendelssohn Concerto](MENDELSSOHN_CONCERTO.md).

Sonia

- Type: people - mentioned

Sonitchka (Sophie Grigorievna Kolokolzoff)

Sophie Croizette (actress)

Sophie Croizette (1847-1901) was a leading actress of the Comédie-Française in the 1870s, famous for her beauty and for her rivalry with Sarah Bernhardt, whom she is usually remembered alongside as a star of Octave Feuillet's *Le Sphinx* (1874). She left the stage about 1882 and married a banker. (Dates and career summary as given in the web sources consulted, which disagree on some details such as the year she joined the troupe; not checked against the Comédie-Française archives.)

Sophie Dolgikoff

Mademoiselle Sophie Dolgikoff was one of Marie Bashkirtseff's governesses during her childhood in Russia. She was notably young for a governess - only 16 years old when she entered the Bashkirtseff household.

Sophie Tutcheff (paternal aunt)

Sophie Tutcheff appears in two distinct phases:

Sophie Warrodel

Née Sonia Antonsky, now married as Mme Warrodel.

Soria

A handsome young man whom Marie's mother considers a more suitable romantic interest than Comte Lambertye.

Sornette

- Type: people - mentioned

Soroka (Emile d'Audiffret)

Sorokooumovski

Wealthy Russian fur merchant family with a bachelor heir proposed as match for Marie.

Sorrento

[Research needed]

Soubise

Soubise was a woman in Nice who appears in Marie Bashkirtseff's diary as a companion or friend of Gioia, the Duke of Hamilton's mistress. Marie mentions her in September 1873 entries, comparing her to someone named "Pitou" and noting her presence with Gioia during encounters in Nice.

Soucap

Person who appears to have died, mentioned in context of Marie's gambling winnings.

Soumarokoff

«Le comte Soumarokoff», also written «Elstonn-Soumarokoff» (067.0488), «Elstone-Soumarokoff» (067.0643) and «Somorokoff» (067.0955): a young officer of the Guards sent to the Poltava region in the autumn of 1876 with some fifteen others «à l'occasion de la nouvelle loi sur les chevaux» (067.0396, 067/1876-10-31). The Mon Journal t.9 index has «Elsonn-Soumarokoff (comte)» and «Soumarokoff (comte)».

Sourny

Sourny appears to be a location (likely a town or estate) near Karkoff where Marie and her family stay for several days in July 1881, conducting business negotiations with her uncle Alexandre.

Souza

[Research needed]

Spa

- Type: places - cities

Spagnaletto

- Type: people - mentioned

Spain

Spang

Woman in Nice social circle being courted by comte de Lareld. Associated with Leech.

Spanish

Spanish (español/castellano), a Romance language and one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. In the 19th century, Spanish was the language of a declining colonial empire but remained important in European diplomatic and cultural circles.

Spanish Colony Paris

- Type: people - mentioned

Sperandio (husband of Lola Gorpintchenko)

An Italian, «d'Ancone je crois», who married Marie's cousin Marie ("Lola") Gorpintchenko, sister of Pacha (Paul Gorpintchenko) and daughter of Marie's paternal aunt Hélène Gorpintchenko. He is a relative by marriage and a guest of the family, **not a servant**. Mon Journal t.9 index: «Sperandio (M.) époux de Marie [Lola] Gorpinchencko» (pp.49, 248), «Sperandio (Mme Marie)» (pp.49, 241, 248) and «Gorpintchenko (Marie) [Lola] (cousine de Marie Bashkirtseff): épouse Sperandio»; t.14 index: «Sperandio (M.)» (pp.147-148, 152, 161, 163-164, 166, 168), «Sperandio (Mme Catherine)» (sic; the wife is Marie, "Lola") and «Sperandio (Mlle Margot)» (p.166).

Spillmann (Rome)

Confectioner's and restaurant in Rome frequented by the foreign colony in the 1870s. Kernberger (2013, glossary): "Spillman's: restaurant in Rome".

Spitzer

A dressmaking house in Vienna (tome02 name index: «Spitzer, maison de couture à Vienne, Autriche, 7, 9, 31, 194»). Filed under people/mentioned as a legacy stub; the referent is a business, not a person.

Splendid Hotel

- Type: places - hotels

Splendide Hotel

Sport & Riding

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs about physical recreation and sport: riding, skating (the rink in Paris), croquet, sea-bathing, fencing and the races as spectacle. Marie rides and skates with pride, and notes what her body can still do.

St Pauls Cathedral

The cathedral of the Diocese of London on Ludgate Hill, rebuilt by Christopher Wren after the Great Fire (completed 1710) (en.wikipedia «St Paul's Cathedral»).

Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi's setting of the medieval *Stabat Mater* sequence for soprano and alto soloists, strings and continuo (P.77), composed in 1736 during his last illness, in a Franciscan monastery at Pozzuoli near Naples; he died the same year, aged 26. It became one of the most widely performed and printed sacred works of the eighteenth century. (Source: Wikipedia, "Stabat Mater (Pergolesi)", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(Pergolesi).) The work is public domain.

Staritsky

A Russian family from Poltava, known to the Bashkirtseffs: «Staritsky (M.), russe de Poltava» (Mon Journal t.14 index, p. 144); in t.16 the index has M. and Mme Staritsky (pp. 85, 235) and their daughters («Staritsky (filles)»: pp. 85, 205, 217, 228, 235, 237). Marie's mother tells in 1883 that Staritsky «a jadis demandé maman en mariage, il est maintenant très haut placé» (102.0322). No first names appear.

Starzinski

A Polish or Polish-sounding family in Nice in 1874. The Mon Journal t.4 index has «Starzinsky (comte), 179, 235» and «Starzinsky (comtesse), 250»; t.2 lists a «Starzinska (Mme), 252». No more is known.

Statue

Not a person: a painting or sculpture that Marie planned for the Salon of 1884.

Statue d'Agrippine (Musées du Capitole)

The « Agrippina » of the Capitoline Museums in Rome is a seated marble portrait statue of a Roman matron in long, richly folded drapery, her head bowed in a pensive pose. It was traditionally called **Agrippina**, the wife of Germanicus and mother of Caligula, and was one of the most admired ancient statues in nineteenth-century Rome (the project's reader footnote at 062.0752 says « the Elder or the Younger »). The identification is questionable: the Commons caption of the photograph used here records « Agrippina (rectius, Helena of Constantinople) » and the sitter has also been discussed as Agrippina the Younger. This entry therefore does not choose between them. (Source: Commons captions of the photographs used; no museum catalogue was consulted.)

Stendhal

Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle, 1783–1842), French novelist and essayist, author of *Le Rouge et le Noir* and *De l'amour* (1822), an essay on how love is born and on its kinds, with the concepts of *cristallisation* and *amour-passion* (Britannica, «Stendhal»; en.wikipedia «De l'amour (Stendhal)»; Project Gutenberg 60882). He is Marie's guide to her own heart in the second half of 1883. The Mon Journal t.15 index has «Stendhal (Henri Beyle dit), écrivain : 303, 305–306, 309, 324», t.16 «5–6, 11, 17, 32, 64, 90, 92, 150».

Stepa Babanine (Uncle Stepa/Etienne)

Stepa (Stepan) Babanine was one of Marie's maternal uncles. "Etienne" is the French equivalent of the Russian name "Stepan." Nicknames: *Stiopa*.

Stépann

A peasant valet in the household of Marie's father, Constantin Bashkirtseff, at Gavronzi in the autumn of 1876. The Mon Journal t.9 index has «Stépann (valet)» (pp. 66–67, 100, 105, 107). Marie: «Stépann, le valet coupable, un brave paysan tout carré et tout bête» (066.0129, 066/1876-09-09). Stépann is Marie's French spelling of the Russian first name Stepan; his surname is not given.

Stephan

Another young man who kissed Marie's hand, mentioned in comparison to Rémy de Gonzalès.

Stephan Raffalovitch

One of Marie's early admirers, listed as her second suitor.

Stephano Acard

- Type: people - mentioned

Still life with violets and a little red book (1878)

Per the project catalogue (`docs/research/marie-bashkirtseff-works-catalogue.md`, row 13), Kernberger (2013) prints an illustration captioned "Still Life (May 1878)" and locates it at Nice, Musée Jules Chéret; no museum record has been found, and the date matches Marie's entry exactly, so the identification with this diary still life is likely but unverified (status "attributed"). The same catalogue row queries a match with "Nature morte" no. 11 of the 1885 memorial catalogue (0,65 × 0,35 m); that is unchecked and the size is not obviously that of a small canvas. No public-domain image is available.

Stiopa

Stiopa (child, 1875)

Not Uncle Stiopa ([#Tante_Etienne](../family/TANTE_ETIENNE.md), Stepa Babanine). In February-April 1875 "Stiopa, l'aîné" is a boy of seven in Marie's Nice circle (with Julie, six, Nadinka and "mon oncle" in 029/1875-02-07, and the small Liouba in 030/1875-02-28; parentage not stated), whom Marie takes out to the opera and to Rumpelmayer's.

Stoltz

Two singers by this name are possible, and the diary does not tell them apart in its second mention.

Strasbourg

- Type: places - cities

Striker

Family with at least two sons in Nice society. Marie refers to them by number.

Studies & Lessons

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs about Marie's own education outside the studio: lessons and teachers, governesses, the plan of study she draws up for herself, Latin and Greek, history and languages, examinations. Marie is a fierce autodidact who educates herself because no one else will.

Studies of ciociara models, Rosa and Stella (Rome, 1876)

In Rome in early 1876, still before her serious training, Marie paints heads from professional models in peasant dress. On **31 January 1876** she has "un nouveau modèle ... une femme et elle se nomme Rosa. Pas jolie mais drôle" (053.0254), and notes that she paints for "trois quarts d'heure deux fois par semaine" (053.0253, a marginal note). On **14 February** she writes: "La peinture me retient ici ! J'ai ébauché une troisième étude, encore une femme en costume de ciocara, une magnifique figure de trente-sept ans. Elle est malheureusement engagée de sorte que je reprendrai encore Rosa dont la binette n'est pas encore finie, et celle-là, la belle qui a pour nom Stella, ne pourra poser qu'aux premiers jours de mars. J'aurai donc le temps d'en prendre encore une nouvelle entre Rosa et Stella. Mais ce n'est pas intéressant." (054.0100). *Ciociara* is the costume of the peasant women of the Ciociaria region south of Rome, a fashionable subject for painters; the project footnote says as much. **Three studies are mentioned (Rosa; a 37-year-old woman who is already booked; Stella, to sit in early March); none survives in any known record, no image.**

Study of a Christ-model (Rome, January 1876)

In January 1876, in Rome, Marie began painting lessons with a young Polish painter, [Katorbinsky](../../people/mentioned/KATORBINSKY.md), and on **14 January 1876** she painted her first picture from a live model: a one-legged man with "une vraie figure de Christ" whom Katorbinsky had used for his own Christs. She finished the head in an hour and a half. The picture is not identified in any catalogue and nothing is known of its fate.

Stuttgart

Capital of Württemberg (later Baden-Württemberg), Germany. Destination for Rémy de Gonzalès's departure from Baden-Baden.

Suede

- Type: places - countries

Suicide

[Research needed]

Suisse

- Type: people - mentioned

Suissesses

- Type: people - mentioned

Suresnes

- Type: places - cities

Surprise

- Type: people - mentioned

Suzanne

Not a separate person: «Suzanne» is the name Paul de Cassagnac gave Marie during the masked visits to his flat in the winter of 1877–78, when the five masked women were supposed to keep their names and masks («Donne-moi un nom Paul. — Celui que j'aime le mieux ? — Oui. — Suzanne», 077.0514–0517, 31 January 1878). Dina was «la colonelle» and Berthe Boyd «Georges» in the same game.

Sviatopolk Mirsky

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Sviatopolk-Mirsky (1825–1899), Russian general of infantry, who in 1881–82 was acting commander of the Kharkov military district and acting governor-general of Kharkov (en.wikipedia «Dmitry Ivanovich Sviatopolk-Mirsky»; Kharkiv local-history article, moniacs.kh.ua). The Mon Journal t.14 index reads «Sviatopolk-Mirsky (prince, gouverneur général) : 146, 162». His son Pyotr (1857–1914) became Minister of the Interior in 1904; the Prince of 1881 is the father (our reading, from Marie's «général gouverneur» and the date). Sources differ on whether the Kharkov post was a governor-generalship or a military command.

Svristounoff

- Type: people - mentioned

Swedomsky brothers (Pavel and Alexander Svedomsky)

Two Russian painter brothers in Rome, whom Marie writes «Swedomsky». They are almost certainly Pavel Alexandrovich Svedomsky (1849–1904) and his elder brother Alexander Alexandrovich Svedomsky, academic painters who settled in Rome in 1875 and later worked together on the murals of St Vladimir's Cathedral in Kiev (Wikipedia, "Pavel Svedomsky"; Sotheby's catalogue note, Russian Paintings 2011, lot 131). Identification confidence 0.85: Marie gives no first names, but the surname, the date and the Russian artists' circle of Rome fit. Mon Journal t.7 index: «Swedomsky (M.), peintre» and «Swedomsky (M.), frère».

Swiss Times

«Les Swiss Times» is Marie's name for an English family of Nice, after the newspaper *The Swiss Times*, an English-language paper of Switzerland that printed lists of foreign visitors (an 1871 «Swiss Times Strangers List» sheet is known from the antiques trade). Marie reads the paper itself: «Le matin je lisais le Swiss Times, je voyais les listes des étrangers, pas à Nice mais partout … j'ai trouvé "Hamilton, the duke of" à Naples» (003.0071, 22 March 1873). The family is presumably that of the paper's man: «A Cannes nous rencontrons M. Howard du Swiss Times» (024.0180, 1 Oct 1874). Mon Journal t.1 index: «Swiss Times (les)»; t.3 index: «Swiss Times».

Syndic

- Type: people - mentioned

Syndic Naples