C

cabaret Ledoyen

- Type: people - mentioned

Caccia-Club (Circolo della Caccia, Rome)

The aristocratic gentlemen's club of Rome that Marie calls the «Caccia-Club». The Circolo della Caccia still exists and is described as frequented mainly by the Roman aristocracy (Italia.it, "members club italy"); the founding date 1869 given in the diary footnote at 060.0190 is not checked here.

Cachines

- Type: people - mentioned

Cadet Roussel

A theatrical farce performed at the French Theater in Nice on May 2, 1873, during Fontaine's benefit performance. Marie describes it as "une farce comme je n'en ai jamais vu" (a farce like I've never seen), suggesting it was particularly silly or outrageous.

Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (100–44 BC), Roman general and dictator, whom Marie meets as a Latin author she is made to translate and as a model of ambition. Not a person of her world.

Café Anglais

Fashionable Paris restaurant at the corner of the boulevard des Italiens (no. 13) and the rue de Marivaux, opened in 1802 and named after the Peace of Amiens, closed in 1913. It was known for its private dining rooms, the most famous being the «Grand 16» (GRAND_16.md). (en.wikipedia «Café Anglais».)

cafe de la Paix

- Type: places - social

Cafe de la Victoire

- Type: places - social

Cafe de Paris

- Type: places - social

Cafe Mazarin

- Type: places - social

Cafe Riche

- Type: places - social

Caillas

Marie's «Horace de Caillas» is the Paris painter **Horace de Callias** (Paris, 8 September 1847 – Paris, 5 March 1924), a pupil of Alexandre Cabanel at the École des Beaux-Arts, who exhibited at the Salon from 1870 to 1891 (genre scenes, portraits, mythological subjects; *Danaë* at the Salon of 1881) and brother of the poet Hector de Callias, husband of Nina de Callias (French Wikipedia, «Horace de Callias», https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_de_Callias). Marie spells the name «Caillas»; the Mon Journal indexes have «Caillas (Horace de), peintre» (t.13 pp. 201–260, t.14 pp. 53, 137, t.15 p. 172). Confidence 0.85: first name, profession and Paris in 1880 agree; the diary does not name his teacher.

Cain

- Type: people - mentioned

Cairo (Le Caire)

Capital of Egypt, part of Duke of Hamilton's Middle Eastern travels.

Calais

[Research needed]

Calderon

A young Spaniard of Marie's Nice circle in 1875, "le petit Espagnol noir" (039.0139). Mon Journal t.5 index: «Calderon (Claro) [Colorado Claro, marquis], Espagnol, 17, 54, 253», so his given name may be Claro; the bracket «[Colorado Claro, marquis]» is the editors' note and is not explained. No later trace.

Calèche

A calèche (also spelled calash or caleche) is a light, elegant four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage with a folding hood or top. Derived from the German *Kalesche* (itself from the Czech *kolesa*, wheels), the calèche was one of the most fashionable carriages of the 19th century, especially suited for promenading and being seen in public.

Camden

Camden Place, the house at Chislehurst, Kent, where Napoleon III lived in exile and died (1873) and where the Empress Eugénie lived until 1880. At the Prince Imperial's funeral in July 1879 Marie says she was «dedans à Camden» in spirit while Cassagnac stood outside (085.0570). See [#Chislehurst](../cities/CHISLEHURST.md).

Camilla Folchi, comtesse Antonelli (Pietro's mother)

Mother of Pietro Antonelli and his brothers, in Marie's account a once elegant and much talked-about woman, dominated by her husband, who at the Roman courtship of 1876 pronounces a speech about her son and later conveys, through intermediaries, her wish for the match.

Camille Lefèvre

Camille Lefèvre (1853–1933), French sculptor, who gave Marie her first sculpture lessons in Paris in June 1880 on Julian's recommendation. Pupil of Pierre-Jules Cavelier and Aimé Millet at the École des beaux-arts (from 1872); second Grand Prix de sculpture in 1877 and 1878, but never the first prize (en.wikipedia «Camille Lefèvre»; INHA AGORHA notice 606).

Campagne de Rome

- Type: people - mentioned

Campenon

Jean-Baptiste Campenon (Tonnerre, 5 May 1819 – Neuilly-sur-Seine, 16 March 1891), French general and politician, Minister of War from 14 November 1881 to 26 January 1882 in Gambetta's cabinet (Wikipedia, «Jean-Baptiste Campenon», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Campenon; reader footnote 093.0379.1).

Canada

- Type: places - countries

Canaprien

A person the Bashkirtseff family encountered during the Nice Carnival festivities.

Cancello

- Type: people - mentioned

Candide

- Type: people - mentioned

Canepa

A property in Nice that Marie's family was considering for residence. After viewing "Belmare" and finding it too small, Marie decides they should focus on acquiring or renting Canepa. She walks with Emile to speak with Mme Canepa, presumably the owner or landlady.

Cannes

Elegant resort town on the French Riviera, west of Nice, famous for its British aristocratic visitors.

Canossos

- Type: people - mentioned

Canterbury

Canterbury, the cathedral city of Kent, England, on the Stour, where the Howard family of Marie's Nice winter lived in 1874 (Wikipedia, «Canterbury»). Not a person; the entry stands for the city and for the Howards' house there («lettres à Canterbury»).

Canterbury Cathedral

The cathedral of the archbishop of Canterbury, seat of the leader of the Church of England and of the Anglican Communion; formally the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury, on the site of one of the oldest Christian structures in England, part of a World Heritage Site (Wikipedia, «Canterbury Cathedral», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral). Not a person.

Capitaine Blanc

Capitole

- Type: people - mentioned

Capitoline Venus

The **Capitoline Venus** is a slightly over-lifesize marble statue of Venus in the *Venus pudica* ("modest Venus") pose, a type that descends from Praxiteles' Aphrodite of Cnidus through a lost Hellenistic original of the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The Capitoline example is an Antonine (2nd century AD) Roman copy. It was found on the Viminal Hill in the pontificate of Clement X (1670-76), bought by Pope Benedict XIV from the Stazi family in 1752 and given to the **Capitoline Museums** in Rome, where it stands in a niche of its own on the first floor of the Palazzo Nuovo, the "cabinet of Venus". Napoleon had it carried to Paris under the Treaty of Tolentino; it was returned in 1816. (Source: Wikipedia, "Capitoline Venus", citing Helbig and Haskell & Penny.)

Capo di Monte

Capoul

[Research needed]

Captain Preston

- Type: people - mentioned

Capucins (Capuchin Monastery, rue de la Santé)

The Capuchin monastery on rue de la Santé in Paris was one of many religious establishments affected by the anti-clerical laws of the early Third Republic. By November 1880, only three fathers (priests) remained there.

Carabacel

A hillside neighborhood in Nice, now part of the Cimiez area. In the 1870s, it was a popular area for horseback riding excursions, offering scenic views of the city and Mediterranean.

Carbonnel

[Research needed]

Cardinal Acard

- Type: people - mentioned

Cardinal Antonelli

Giacomo Antonelli (born Sonnino, 2 April 1806; died Rome, 6 November 1876), cardinal from 1847 and Cardinal Secretary of State to Pope Pius IX from November 1848 until his death; the leading opponent of Italian unification in the papal government (Wikipedia, "Giacomo Antonelli"; New Advent / Catholic Encyclopedia, "Giacomo Antonelli"). Marie calls him «le cardinal-diacre Jacques Antonelli» (059.0601).

Caricature canvas of the Neapolitan young men (1877)

On **23 April 1877**, at Naples, with her mother ill and the doctor and Doenhoff coming and going, Marie notes: "je fais les caricatures de Zunica, Porcinari, Caracciolo et Santasiglia ! La toile est assez grande et elle contient déjà douze personnes, faites en deux ou trois fois..." (070.0866). It is a single large canvas on which she adds caricature heads of the Neapolitan young men of her circle, a dozen by that evening, in several short sittings. These were the "jeune Naples" who came to the family's rooms in the evenings (070.0541, 070.0817). **Whereabouts unknown; no image.** She had made caricatures of her Nice circle in 1875 ([#Grande_caricature_1875](./GRANDE_CARICATURE_1875.md)).

Caricature de Rodolphe Julian

*Caricature de Rodolphe Julian* (oil on panel, 85,5 × 38 cm, c. 1878) is Marie's caricature of **her own teacher** — the founder of the Académie Julian, the man who ran the studio where she trained, commissioned pictures from her, bullied and flattered her, and let her down badly over the Cercle exhibition of 1883.

Caricature of Smirnoff (1875)

On **30 July 1875** Marie made a caricature of [Smirnoff](../../people/mentioned/SMIRNOFF.md), a gentleman of the Nice Russian circle, and showed it on **22 September 1875** to visitors who insisted on seeing it. Nothing describes the picture; the diary says only that its subject was "cette bonne créature, naïve et assez bête". No image or later record is known.

Carie des Perrieres

- Type: people - mentioned

Carlo

Carlo Hamilton

Brother of the Duke of Hamilton, spotted by Marie in Nice. Described as having "divine" bearing reminiscent of his brother.

Carlsbad

- Type: people - mentioned

Carmignano

- Type: people - mentioned

Carnaval

Carnival (carnaval) is the festive season preceding Lent, typically running from Epiphany (January 6) to Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday). In the Mediterranean cities Marie inhabited — Nice, Rome, and to some extent Paris — carnival was a major social event featuring masked balls, street processions, confetti battles, and a general atmosphere of festive license.

Caro

[Research needed]

Caroline

- Type: people - mentioned

Carolus

- Type: people - mentioned

Carolus-Duran

Charles Auguste Émile Durand, known as Carolus-Duran, was born at Lille on 4 July 1837 and died in Paris in February 1917 (English Wikipedia gives the 17th, French Wikipedia the 18th). The son of an innkeeper, he studied at the Lille academy and under François Souchon, a pupil of David, came to Paris in 1853 and took the name Carolus-Duran. He exhibited at the Salon from 1859, attended the Académie Suisse (1859-1861), and was first influenced by Courbet. A scholarship from his home town took him to Rome and Spain (1862-1866), where he fell under the spell of Velázquez; *L'Assassiné* won him a medal in 1866. In 1868 he married the pastellist Pauline Croizette, who posed for *La Dame au gant* (1869, Musée d'Orsay); their daughter Marie-Anne later married Georges Feydeau. From about 1870 he painted almost only portraits and became the favourite portraitist of the Third Republic's high society, and he opened a teaching studio in Montparnasse where his pupils included John Singer Sargent and numerous Americans.

Carricolo

The *carricolo* was the light two-wheeled, one-horse cart of Naples, proverbial for the number of passengers piled on to it (the project's reader footnote at 070.0211: «a Neapolitan two-wheeled cart, famously overloaded»).

Carrier Belleuse

Marie's «Carrier-Belleuse» is «le fils du statuaire», the painter **Pierre Carrier-Belleuse** (28 January 1851 – 29 January 1932), son of the sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (1824–1887); he exhibited at the Salon from 1875, painted dancers and pastels, and made the small *Panorama de Notre-Dame de Lourdes* of 1881 (Wikipedia, «Pierre Carrier-Belleuse»; a web search dated the Lourdes panorama to 1881). The Mon Journal t.15 index calls him «Carrier-Belleuse (Albert-Louis)», a name not found in the sources; t.14 has «Carrier-Belleuse (M.) : 254, 262, 272, 275». The 1881 panorama fits 093.0385, where Marie wants to buy the studies for the «panorama de Lourdes par Carrier-Belleuse, le fils du statuaire», exhibited in the cercle at 36 rue Vivienne. Confidence 0.8; the father the sculptor is a different person.

Carte de visite

A carte de visite (visiting card or calling card) was a small printed card bearing a person's name, and sometimes their address and title, used as an essential instrument of 19th-century social interaction. The term also referred to a popular small-format photograph (approximately 6x9 cm) mounted on card stock, invented by André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri in 1854.

Cartier

- Type: people - mentioned

Cartwright

Carvalho

[Research needed]

Casa Play

- Type: people - mentioned

Casa Riera

[Research needed]

Cascade

- Type: people - mentioned

Cascine

- Type: people - mentioned

Caserte

- Type: people - mentioned

Casino de Dieppe

[Research needed]

Casino Monte Carlo

- Type: places - social

Casino Spa

The casino of the Belgian spa town of Spa: ballroom, billiard room, reading rooms and concerts, the social centre of the season where the Bashkirtseffs spend the evenings from 24 June to 10 August 1874. Marie finds the rooms «superbes, plus beaux qu'à Bade et à Monaco, à Bade excepté les nouveaux salons qui sont très beaux» (020.0399). Dances are held on certain evenings (Saturday, 022.0346); she leaves before «les danses qui étaient fort misérables» (020.0407). The director, M. Kirch, «un homme utile ici», is disliked by Marie as «ce paysan de Kirch» (020.0434, 020.0467). The Spa casino's founding date (1763) is given by only one tourist source we found and is not repeated here.

Castellamare

- Type: people - mentioned

Catherine (Nini's sister)

Catherine, sister of [#Nini](NINI.md) (Alexandrine Patchenko, wife of Marie's brother [#Paul](../family/PAUL.md)). At Gavronzi in July 1881 she is in the party for Krementchoug, «Catherine, sœur de Nini» (092.0227, 9 July), dances in the quadrille (092.0245, 11 July) and is mentioned again on 17 July (092/1881-07-17). In October 1882 Marie sketches in the evening with «Catherine, la belle-sœur de Paul» (096.0397), and she is among the guests at the baptism of Paul's son (096.0459, 29 October 1882).

Catherine Eristoff

Catherine Segurana

- Type: people - mentioned

Catherine the Great

Catherine II (1729–1796), Empress of Russia from 9 July 1762 until her death, who took the throne after overthrowing her husband Peter III; her reign of over thirty-four years was an age of expansion and of cultural patronage (Wikipedia, «Catherine the Great», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great). For Marie she is a figure of style and ambition rather than of politics.

Caubet

- Type: people - mentioned

Caucase

Caucasus

The Caucasus is a mountain region between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, at the border between Europe and Asia. In the 19th century, it was a frontier zone of the Russian Empire.

Cauvain

A Paris shop where table services were ordered in September 1874 (a porcelain or glass merchant by implication). The diary gives only the name; it is not a person Marie knew. No entry for Cauvain was found in the Mon Journal indexes consulted.

Cavaliere Paolini

The messenger King Victor Emmanuel II sent to Marie in Naples on 7 April 1877. The Mon Journal t.10 index has «Paolini (Chevalier), 92-93»; he is not otherwise identified (a web search on 2026-10-21 found no court official of that name).

Cavally

A Paris dressmaker (Mon Journal t.3 index: «Cavally, couturière, 218»), one of the houses Marie and her mother visit in Paris in June 1874.

Cayenne

[Research needed]

Celine

- Type: people - mentioned

Cendrillon (stage versions)

"Cendrillon" (Cinderella) is Charles Perrault's fairy tale, *Cendrillon ou la petite pantoufle de verre* (1697, Wikipedia, "Cendrillon"). Marie names it in three different stage productions that are not the same work. None has been identified with a printed title. They stay in one entry because each production has only one or two paragraphs in the diary.

Centifolia

Cercle de la Méditerranée

Social club in Nice hosting cultural events and charity benefits.

Cercle de la Méditerranée

Elite men's club in Nice with prominent balcony overlooking the Promenade.

Cercle de la rue Royale

- Type: people - mentioned

Cercle de lUnion

«Le cercle de l'Union», a gentlemen's club of Paris. There were at least two, the Cercle de l'Union and the Nouveau Cercle de l'Union (Hôtel Perrinet de Jars, 33 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré; Wikipedia, «Nouveau Cercle de l'Union»); the diary does not say which. Not a person.

Cercle des Bains

The Cercle des Bains, a club at the seaside resort of Ostend where the Bashkirtseffs spent August–September 1874, with dances on alternate evenings: «Un soir on danse au cercle des Bains et l'autre au Casino» (023.0125). Not a person. Not to be confused with the Cercle Masséna of Nice.

Cercle Imperial

[Research needed]

Cercle Masséna

The Cercle Masséna was one of Nice's most prestigious aristocratic clubs, founded in 1861. Located in the heart of Nice's fashionable district, it served as a key social institution for the European aristocracy wintering on the French Riviera during the 1870s. Marie Bashkirtseff frequently mentions the Cercle as a destination for her family's social outings.

Cercle Philharmonique

Cernitsky

[Research needed]

Certosa di San Martino (Naples)

The Carthusian monastery of San Martino on the Vomero hill above Naples, beside Castel Sant'Elmo, inaugurated in 1368 under Joan I. The state confiscated it in 1866 and the National Museum of San Martino opened there the same year (en.wikipedia, «Certosa di San Martino»).

Cesar

Cesaro (Rome, 1876)

«Cesaro», one of the young men of the Caccia-Club set in Rome in spring 1876, always named in a list with the others of «la barcaccia»: «Il n'y avait ni Pandola, ni Cesaro, ni Z...zuchini» (057.0103, 10 April 1876); «mon ennemi Belmonte, Pandola, Cesaro» (057.0185); to Pietro Antonelli, «je vous laisse à votre club, à vos amis, à Zucchini, à Cesaro» (059.0534). Marie blames him, with Zucchini and Torlonia, for leading Pietro astray: «Je voudrais bien que Zucchini et Cesaro le dévergondassent de nouveau» (059.0644); «Torlonia, Cesaro et Zucchini l'avaient entièrement perdu» (059.0886); «Je vous ai bien dit que Cesaro et Antonio le dévergonderaient» (060.0021).

Chablikine

- Type: people - mentioned

Chabral

An architect, «Chabral, architecte du théâtre Français» (093.0043); Mon Journal t.14 index: «Chabral (M.) architecte : 198». Marie's spelling is probably of Chabrol.

Chaillot

- Type: places - neighborhoods

Chairon

A Paris doctor whom Marie consulted «incognito»; Mon Journal t.14 index: «Chairon (M.), médecin : 133». Marie calls him «un grand docteur» (092.0003, reader footnote 092.0003.2).

Chambre des Deputes

[Research needed]

Chambres

- Type: people - mentioned

Champ de Mars (Naples racecourse)

The racecourse of Naples, where Marie goes to the races in April 1877: «à partir du Toledo je ferme les yeux en faisant vœu de ne les ouvrir qu'au Champ de Mars» (070/1877-04-07; source footnote: «Naples' racecourse»).

Champion

- Type: people - mentioned

Champs-Elysees

The Avenue des Champs-Elysees is the most famous avenue in Paris, stretching 1.9 km from the Place de la Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe. In Marie Bashkirtseff's time, it was one of the city's principal promenades and a center of fashionable life, lined with grand private mansions (hotels particuliers), theaters, cafes, and gardens. Marie references the Champs-Elysees throughout her Paris diary as a setting for social life, promenades, and encounters.

Chandellier

A Paris shop of «arts de la table» (Mon Journal t.4 index: «Chandellier, magasin d'arts de la table, 161»), described by Marie as «un bric etc.»; not a person.

Chantilly

**Chantilly** is the town north of Paris, known for the château of the princes de Condé, its stables and its racecourse (and, as a trade name, for Chantilly lace). It is tagged here as a place; in the diary the word is also once an adjective for lace (016/1874-02-04, "fichu de Chantilly", untagged).

Chaplin

- Type: people - mentioned

Chapron

A journalist, or the author of a newspaper's commentaries, in the quarrel of the feminist society of Hubertine Auclert in the summer of 1881. In the dispute described on 18 August 1881, commandant d'Epailly writes an article on the women's demonstration of 14 July; Lévrier answers in *La Citoyenne*; Epailly then writes a mocking letter to *L'Événement*, and «Chapron la fait suivre de commentaires injurieux et ridicules»; Lévrier writes to Chapron «qui à Royat...» (092.0422). The Mon Journal indexes consulted do not list the name.

Charcot

- Type: people - mentioned

Charing Cross

Charing Cross, the London railway terminus where Marie arrives on 6 September 1874; the Alexandra Hotel, where the Bashkirtseffs stayed, is named in the same paragraph. Not a person; the entry may be a place.

Charles

Charles Cocher

Coachman and confidant of the Florentine Count Alexandre de Larderel ([#Larderel](LARDEREL.md)) in Naples, winter 1877. Marie, who is infatuated with the count, questions him through her maid Rosalie; the coachman is "très libre avec" his master and tells him everything, while Marie jokes that the count obeys him: she calls him "Monsieur le cocher", set against "Monsieur le comte".

Charles Géry («le père Géry»)

The father of the diplomat Gabriel Géry ([GABRIEL_GERY](GABRIEL_GERY.md)), a former Second Empire prefect: the Mon Journal indexes name him «Géry (Charles), préfet de la Corse» (t.13, t.14) and «Géry (Charles), préfet» (t.15, t.16), his son being «Géry (Gabriel, fils du précédent), diplomate»; the t.13 index also has «Géry (Mme, épouse du précédent)». No independent source for his career was found (see GABRIEL_GERY).

Charles Hamilton

Charles Hayem

"M. Hayem, un amateur assez connu" (104.0141): the Paris collector who takes up Marie at the Salon of 1884. He is very probably **Charles Hayem** (Paris 1839 – Paris 1902), collector and patron, who gave forty-six paintings by living French artists and many art objects to the Musée du Luxembourg (Jewish Encyclopedia, "Hayem, Charles"; Musée d'Orsay, provenance of Gustave Moreau's *L'Apparition*, Hayem gift 1879) (0.9). The deciding detail is Marie's own: the day after Bastien-Lepage exhibited the portrait of his grandfather (Salon of 1874), "Hayem arrivait dans son atelier et lui commandait le portrait de son père à lui" (104.0141); Bastien-Lepage's portrait of Simon Hayem, a merchant and the collector Charles Hayem's father, is dated 1875 (Victorian Web, "Simon Hayem (M. Hayem)", National Gallery of Art, Washington). The Mon Journal t.16 index has only "Hayem (M.) : 194, 196, 205, 207-208, 210, 221, 228".

Charles III

- Type: people - mentioned

Charles III, Prince of Monaco

Charles III (8 December 1818 -- 10 September 1889) was the ruling Prince of Monaco from 1856 to 1889. He was the prince who presided over Monaco's transformation into a gambling destination and luxury resort, granting the concession to Francois Blanc to operate the Monte Carlo Casino in 1863.

Charles-Alphonse Levert

Bonapartist politician, a prefect under the Second Empire (prefect of the Bouches-du-Rhône 1866–1870, per the prefecture's list of prefects) and deputy for the Pas-de-Calais from 1872 to 1889, voting with the Bonapartist right against the republican governments (English Wikipedia, «Charles Levert», which gives his death as 1899). The index of *Mon Journal* t.13 lists «Levert (Charles Alphonse) homme politique : 36».

Charlotte Corday (play)

"Charlotte Corday" was a theatrical production that Marie attended with Saint-Amand on the evening of November 5, 1880. She notes she was "feeling fairly well" that evening.

Charlotte de Montmorency

Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency (1594-1650), Princesse de Conde. A celebrated beauty of the early 17th century who was the last great passion of King Henri IV of France.

Chateau dAlsa

The country house near Spa of the art dealer Ernest Gambart (Wikipedia, «Ernest Gambart», per the RSR note at 023.0224; cf. 021.0391): gardens «très bien arrangées et beaux» with ornamental ponds, where Gambart receives the Spa summer colony.

Chateau des Cretes

[Research needed]

Chateau Smith

The Château de l'Anglais, also called Villa Smith, on the Cap de Nice: a house in an Indian-inspired style built by a retired English colonel and engineer who had worked in India, later raised and made a fashionable meeting place by Count Melchior Gurowski de Wezele (Nice tourist office and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur tourism pages, «Château de l'Anglais (Villa Smith)»; address now 29 avenue Jean-Lorrain). That the diary's «château Smith» is this house is an identification from the name (0.9).

Chateaurenard

[Research needed]

Chatelet

- Type: people - mentioned

Chaudordy

[Research needed]

Chaumont

[Research needed]

Chaussade

- Type: people - mentioned

Chauvain

One of the principal hotels in Nice during the 1870s.

Chelmsford

[Research needed]

Cherubini

A man Marie meets at the skating club in Paris on 21 December 1879: «Nous sommes allés patiner, Berthe, Paul, Alexis et moi au club; là nous trouvons Lafond et Cherubini» (086.0752). This is the only mention in the diary. He is not the composer Luigi Cherubini, who died in 1842; the file's folder (culture/music) is a leftover of an auto-generated stub and does not mean a composer.

Chevalier

A young man in Marie's Nice social circle during summer 1875. Identified as "secrétaire de la préfecture" (secretary of the prefecture) in carnet 036.

Chevalier de Neufarge

Chevreau

- Type: people - mentioned

Chiaja

- Type: people - mentioned

Chilovski

A Russian of the Nice winter of 1873–74 (Mon Journal t.3 index: «Chilovski, 19, 84, 91, 256», no first name), who is the type to which Marie compares others by looks and manner: Prince Tchetvertinski «est Chilovski tout à fait, la même manière de parler» (017.0009); another prince «regarde tout à fait comme Chilovski, mais il est grand et porte une barbe courte» (017.0088); Count Merjeewsky «ressemble à Chilovski, a le teint pâle, les cheveux d'un blond cendré» (020.0490).

Chilowsky

The name of at least two people in Marie's Nice circle: M. Chilowsky, «le petit Chilowsky, d'indifférente mémoire» (043.0285), and Mme Chilowsky, who died with the princess Galitzine in December 1875 (052.0089). Mon Journal indexes: t.5 «Chilowsky (M.), 330»; t.6 «Chilowsky (Mme), 214, 316». No first names.

Chimay

Person who drives with Lambertye in Nice.

China

- Type: places - countries

Chislehurst

Chislehurst, in Kent, where the exiled Napoleon III lived at Camden Place and died in 1873 and where the Empress Eugénie stayed on; a centre of the Bonapartist exiles. In June–July 1879 Marie follows the return of the Prince Imperial's body and his funeral there (085.0530, «C'est cette nuit que le cercueil arrive à Chislehurst»; 085.0569–0570). See also [#Camden](../residences/CAMDEN.md).

Chocolat (Fortuné Saïd)

The Bashkirtseffs' young Black servant, Fortuné Saïd, nicknamed «Chocolat» (Mon Journal t.9 index: «Chocolat, nègre. Domestique des Bashkirtseff», pp.7, 13, 20, 39-40, 52, 58, 69, 71-72, 114, 181-182, 185, 207, 315; and «Chocolat, mère du précédent», p.39). Earlier indexes list «Fortuné Saïd, domestique» (t.5, t.6) and «Fortuné, domestique» (t.3); the t.11 index «Fortuné, (domestique chez les Bashkirtseff)». Marie herself equates the names: «ce que dit Fortuné, surnommé Chocolat» (055/1876-03-13, 055.0656), «Fortuné Chocolat vient de frapper à ma porte» (059/1876-05-07, 059.0882), «télégramme signé Fortuné, c'est Chocolat» (080/1878-06-08, 080.0490), and in 1883 «l'ancien Chocolat-Fortuné Saïd» (100/1883-06-06, 100.0078). He speaks French, Italian, Niçois and a little Russian (064.0339) and was thirteen in July 1876 (063.0341); he has a mother whom he wrote to for leave to stay in Russia on higher wages (065.0549).

Chopin

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), Polish pianist and composer, the composer Marie plays most often and learns to know in Nice and Paris; the Mon Journal indexes list him in t.5 p.78, t.9 p.256, t.12 p.56, t.13 p.255, t.15 pp.142–292 and t.16 pp.78–94.

Choupinski

Member of the aristocratic society in Nice, present at carnival festivities in the prefecture tribune.

Chpatowska (Chpatovska, Chpatowoka)

The country estate of Marie's uncle Étienne (Stepan) Babanine and his wife in Little Russia, where Marie, her father and her brother Paul stay from 14 to 20 August 1876 before going on to Poltava and Gavronzi. Marie spells it «Chpatowoka» (064.0568) and «Chpatowska» (064.0603, 073.0391); the Mon Journal t.8 index and carnet 065 have «Chpatovska». Kernberger (2013, glossary): «Chpatovska: estate of Marie's Uncle Stepa in Ukraine».

Chtcherbine (Le petit Chtcherbine)

"Le petit Chtcherbine" (young Chtcherbine) was a boy being enrolled in Dr. Hactius's famous boarding school in Geneva in 1870. He was the son of a widowed Russian woman who had remarried M. Bachmakoff, a former vice-governor of Poltava.

Chtcherbinisa

A young Russian man whom Marie meets again at Spa in September 1874; the diary spells his name Chtcherbinisa once and Chtcherbinine once.

Church Attendance

This thematic tag marks diary paragraphs where Marie, or her family with her, actually goes to church: mass, vespers, an Orthodox liturgy (obednia), a Te Deum, a funeral or wedding service, confession or communion, or a visit to a church in order to pray. It answers the question "on which days did she go to church?", so it is deliberately narrower than [Religion](RELIGION.md), which covers faith, prayer, doubt and God in general.

Cigale

- Type: people - mentioned

Cima

M. Cima, a young man («the boy who lives with them», Marie's English of 1873) of the Sapogenikoff household, «celui de Genève»: Marie Sapogenikoff's sweetheart, talked of as her future husband. The Mon Journal t.4–t.7 indexes list «Cima (M.)» (t.1 pp.154–207; t.4 pp.184–336; t.6 pp.45–92; t.7 p.199). First name not found. 41 tagged paragraphs, 1873–1876.

Cimiez

- Type: places - neighborhoods

Circus Renz

- Type: people - mentioned

Cirque Fernando

The Cirque Fernando was a popular circus and entertainment venue in Paris, located in the Montmartre district at 63 boulevard Rochechouart. Built in 1875, it became known for both circus performances and as a venue for political meetings and gatherings.

Citoyen Bal

A member of the Droit des Femmes society, described by Marie as "l'homme à la tête invraisemblable" (the man with the unbelievable head).

Claire de Canrobert

Claire Certain de Canrobert (1865-1945) was the daughter of Marshal François Certain de Canrobert (1809-1895), the Crimean and Franco-Prussian War commander, and of Leila Flora Macdonald, "la maréchale" of the diary. Marie's own words identify her: "Claire (Canrobert)" (099.0419), "la petite Canrobert" (098.0432), "Mlle Canrobert" (098.0464), the daughter of "la maréchale Canrobert ... sa fille (qui travaille chez Julian)" (098.0279). The Musée d'Orsay's record of an 1884 photographic print by Louis Jean Delton calls the sitter "Claire de Canrobert, future Mme Paul Fabre-Roustand, baron de Navacelle (1865-1945)", and genealogical sources give her full name as Eugénie Angélique Rose Hélène Claire Leila Certain de Canrobert (Geneanet tree of the Canrobert family). She married the naval officer Paul Fabre-Roustand de Navacelle (1861-1939) in August 1890 (a notice in *Le Mot d'ordre*, 14 August 1890; man8rove family page for Fabre-Roustand de Navacelle) and died in 1945. Their children were Henri (1891–1947), Napoléon Charles (1893–1915), Marcelle Flora Marie (1897–1979) and Anne Eugénie (1898–1977) (Geneanet; Geni, "Claire de Navacelle (Canrobert)").

Claire's flower-seller picture, painted by Marie (1883-84)

The "marchande de fleurs à la brouette" is **not Marie's own project but a picture she painted for her friend [#Claire](../../people/recurring/CLAIRE_CANROBERT.md)**, who came almost daily to paint in Marie's studio in winter 1883-84 and whose family circle was that of the maréchale Canrobert (102.0618). On **17 December 1883** Marie notes that Claire "va faire un tableau, des fleurs avec une vieille marchande. Ce sera encore moi" (102.0501); on the 19th "J'ébauche le tableau de Claire, une voiture de marchande de fleurs et la marchande avec" (102.0509). On **20 January 1884**: "Je travaille au tableau de Claire et j'espère le finir en deux ou trois jours." and "La petite a peint quelques paquets de fleurs mais j'en rajouterai et repeindrai de sorte que... Le tableau représente une marchande avec sa brouette pleine de fleurs, grandeur nature S.V.P. C'est du faux naturalisme, mais qu'importe." (103.0080-0082). Claire finds it "presque fini, grand étonnement" two days later (103.0099), fiddles with the flowers on the 26th (103.0143), and on **14 February** Marie writes: "Je pleure en peignant ces odieuses fleurs. Ô lâcheté ! Ce n'est pas par amitié que je commets ce faux." (103.0333), worried by the talk of people lobbying for Salon medals. On **19 February** the picture is framed; the painter Popelin approves, "sauf la touffe de marguerites ... La seule chose que la petite a fait elle-même" (103.0347).

Clapp

- Type: people - mentioned

Clemenceau

[Research needed]

Clement

Clement Laurier

[Research needed]

Clementina

- Type: people - mentioned

Clémentine

Clémentine Durand

Clémentine Durand, one of the daughters of the Spanish Mme Durand of Nice (sisters Lucie/Lucy and Marie; Mon Journal t.4–t.6 indexes «Durand (Mlle Clémentine)»), who married John Lewin in 1874: «Melle Durand épouse de Lewin, c'est sûr» (019/1874-05-03); «Lewin et Clémentine» (027/1874-12-18). From 1875 she is «Mme de Lewin» (t.6 index «Lewin (Mme Clémentine de), 219, 228, 233, 339»): «Lewin avec sa femme Clémentine grosse au dernier point» (050.0596, Dec 1875); she gossips to maman about Marie's marriage with Audiffret (050.0811).

Closet

- Type: people - mentioned

Clothing & Fashion

This thematic tag collects diary paragraphs where Marie discusses clothing, fashion, dressmakers, and style. Fashion is one of the diary's most pervasive themes — Marie records her outfits with systematic precision and judges others' dress with expert severity.

Clovis Hugues (and Mme Clovis Hugues)

Clovis Hugues was a Provençal poet and journalist, a félibre, and socialist deputy for Marseille from 1881 (re-elected 1885) (Wikipedia, "Clovis Hugues"). His wife, Jeanne Royannez (b. 1855), was a sculptor; they married in 1877 (Wikipedia, "Jeanne Royannez"). In 1883-84 a private detective named Morin spread slanders about her past; in November 1884 she shot and killed him, and her trial was a sensation (Mary Evans Picture Library, captions after *L'Illustration*, 1884; *Auckland Star*, 7 February 1885, via Papers Past). Marie does not live to see the shooting; she knows only the slander.

Club

In 1879 the skating club in the Bois de Boulogne («le Club, où je patine, au Bois», 087.0036; 086.0665, 086.0752), where Marie skates with Berthe. The 1876 tag at 067.0985 («pendant que mon père était au Club») is her father's club in Poltava, a different club.

Coat of arms of Nice, drawn in ink (1876)

On **5 February 1876** (053.0408) Marie copies out two letters, one of them "l'ancien couronnement de la Rosière", the mock proclamation she had written for [#Emile_d_Audiffret](../../people/recurring/EMILE_D_AUDIFFRET.md) and not yet sent. She only had to change the dates; she fixed the ceremony for 22 May, "jour du Saint-Emile", signed it "Les citoyens de la ville de Nice", and "en dessous j'ai dessiné à l'encre les armes de Nice, un aigle couronné sur trois collines avec cette inscription: *Nicae Civitas*." The drawing was thus a small heraldic vignette, an eagle on three hills in ink, serving as the "seal" of the joke. **It is a decoration on a letter, not an independent artwork; it was probably sent with the letter, and nothing of it is known to survive.** No image.

Cochery

[Research needed]

Coco (the dog)

Marie's pet dog in her Paris years, the companion of her studio hours and (by 1884) the household's spoiled favourite. Marie tells the dog's history on 1884-06-05: after Prater and Pincio (stolen about 1878) she "had the stupidity of having Coco 1er, then the present Coco", and the two dogs "devour each other" while the old Prater, shut away upstairs, died of old age. The diary therefore knows a "Coco 1er" and a "Coco 2"; from the loss and recovery of 1879-08 on, the Coco of the text is Coco 2, who is still alive in August 1884.

Coco (the horse)

Marie's horse, which she rode during outings in Nice in 1873. Coco appears to have been temperamental and difficult to manage. Horseback riding was a fashionable activity for young ladies of Marie's class in Nice, and having her own horse points to her family's wealth and standing.

Code penal

- Type: people - mentioned

Colisee

- Type: places - streets

Collin

[Research needed]

colonel Talandier

colonel Tallandier

Colonna

[Research needed]

Colorossi

Filippo Colarossi (1841–1906), Italian artist's model turned sculptor, who kept the private Académie Colarossi in Paris, open to women and an alternative to the official École des Beaux-Arts (en.wikipedia «Filippo Colarossi» and «Académie Colarossi»). The diary writes «Colorossi».

Colucci Family

A family in Marie's Parisian social circle.

Come

- Type: people - mentioned

Comédie-Française

France's national theatre in Paris, in the Salle Richelieu on the rue de Richelieu, also called the Théâtre-Français. Marie mostly writes «le Français» or «le théâtre Français», sometimes «la Comédie Française». Its general administrator through all the diary's Paris years was Émile Perrin (1814–1885), in office from 8 July 1871 to 8 October 1885 (en.wikipedia «List of administrators of the Comédie-Française»; «Émile Perrin»).

commandant-rapporteur Mevil

- Type: people - mentioned

Commune deportees

[Research needed]

Complainte de Girofla

The *Complainte de Girofla* is a comic lament that Marie wrote on **21 September 1875** in Nice, sung in the voice of [Émile d'Audiffret](../../people/recurring/EMILE_D_AUDIFFRET.md), whom she calls Girofla, the ruined dandy who has lost everything. She copied it into the diary twice: a first draft across 043.0368-0379 and a longer fair copy at the head of the next notebook (044.0002-0011).

Composition

[Research needed]

Comte Balzorano

Comte Blondoff (Bloudoff)

An elderly Russian count whom Marie meets at Spa in July 1874 and again in Rome in 1876. The printed edition spells him two ways: «le comte Bloudoff» at the table d'hôte beside M. and Mme de Bauche (021.0422, 19 July 1874; scan t.4 p. 39) and «Le vieux polisson Blondoff», who praises Marie to de Bauche and follows her when she goes out alone (022.0212, 29 July 1874; t.4 p. 68). The Mon Journal t.4 index has only «Blondoff (comte), 68». In Rome «le comte Blondoff … fait un mouvement de surprise en m'apercevant puis salue ma mère» on the Pincio (052.0153, 14 January 1876) and sits near the young princess Ouroussoff at a party (055.1025, 22 March 1876); his surprise suggests the Spa acquaintance, so one man is probable (0.7).

Comte Cetner

A count who appears in Marie's social circle in Paris during 1881. Present at the Juvisy dinner party on February 5, 1881.

Comte Charles de Laurenti-Roubaudi

A small, dark, grave Niçois nobleman who courts Marie's attention in the summer of 1875 and the spring of 1876–77. The Mon Journal index names him «Laurenti (comte)» (t.5, t.6, t.10) and «Laurenti-Roubandi (comte de)» (t.8), and once, in t.12, «Laurenti-Roubauddi (Charles, comte)»; the diary prints «le comte de Laurenti-Roubandi» (061.0213). The spelling is not settled (Roubandi / Roubauddi). His sister, «Mlle de Laurenti-Roubandi», married the comte di Clavesana of Genoa (060.0008). Beyond this and the Mon Journal index nothing is known of him: no date of birth, no career, no later life.

comte d Andigne

- Type: people - aristocracy

comte d Aquila

- Type: people - aristocracy

comte d Aspremont

comte d Espeuilles

- Type: people - aristocracy

comte d Osmond

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte d'Abzac de la Douze

A French count who frequents the Bashkirtseffs' Paris salon in February 1878. The Mon Journal t.11 index lists him as «Abzac de la Douze (comte d') : 128, 132, 134, 142, 145, 150», and Marie introduces him as «le comte d'Abzac, cousin du marquis d'Abzac de l'Elysée» (077/1878-02-02, 077.0550): he is therefore not the same man as the [marquis d'Abzac](../mentioned/MARQUIS_D_ABZAC.md), who represented Marshal MacMahon in July 1878.

Comte dAspremont

Comte de Balzorano

Comte de Bari

Prince Pasquale of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Count of Bari (1852–1904), younger brother of Francis II, the last King of the Two Sicilies, living in Paris (en.wikipedia «Prince Pasquale, Count of Bari»). Marie mentions him for his marriage: «Le comte de Bari, frère du roi de Naples qui a épousé une coureuse à ce qu'on dit» (094.0175, 14 January 1882); «la femme légitime du frère du roi de Naples» (098.0104). His wife has her own entry, [COMTESSE_DE_BARI](../aristocracy/COMTESSE_DE_BARI.md).

Comte de Béarn

A French nobleman, seen in the Gavini circle from February 1880. On 29 May 1880 the diary says: "Mlle Walery se marie avec le comte de Béarn." (Mlle Walery is marrying the Count de Béarn.) The specific individual cannot be identified from the diary context alone.

comte de Beaurepaire

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte de Camprien

French count attending lunch at the Teplakoffs.

Comte de Chambord

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte de Charsy

French count in Nice social circle. Friend of Marie's father. Marie uncertain of spelling [?].

Comte de Fernandina

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte de Girardin (fiancé of Mme de Bailleul)

- **11 April 1880** (087.0832): Mme de Bailleul ([BAILLEUL](BAILLEUL.md)) «se remarie décidément avec le comte de Girardin, membre du Jockey, parfait comme famille et alliances, 20.000 francs de rente et 52 ans».

Comte de Jahal

A gentleman of the Spa season of 1874, introduced to the family at the Gambarts' evening of 18 July: «On nous a présenté un comte de Jahal, qui s'est fixé à Pétersbourg» (021.0394); Marie finds that he looks like Brunet grown old. The Tome 4 name index of *Mon Journal* lists him as «Jahal (comte de)» (OCR «Jahai»), pp. 38–83. First name and origin not known; not identified further.

comte de Jobal

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte de Lareld

French count seriously courting Mlle Spang in Nice.

Comte de Laurenti

Comte de Montalivet

The Montalivet who appears in Marie's diary in May 1880 is most likely a descendant of Marthe Camille Bachasson, 3rd Comte de Montalivet (24 April 1801 – 4 January 1880), the French statesman who served as Minister of the Interior under Louis-Philippe and later as Intendant General of the Civil List. The 3rd Comte had recently died (January 1880); the person at the Salon/social circuit in May 1880 could be the heir (4th Comte) or another member of the family. The context — briefly encountered as a social acquaintance alongside Gavini — does not allow fuller identification.

Comte de Mulinare (Chevalier Edouard de Moelenar)

The Comte de Mulinare, whose name Marie also spells as "Chevalier Edouard de Moelenar," was a Belgian aristocrat who became the subject of Marie's mockery during her stay in Ostende in August 1874. He represents the first real-life example of what Marie calls a "Plobster" - her code word for men who attract attention but whom she finds ridiculous rather than genuinely attractive.

Comte de Robillard

A young man presented to Marie at the bal champêtre in Nice on 4 July 1875: «On m'amène Désiré, le comte d'Etienne de Robillard» (035.0191). The Mon Journal indexes list him on his own, «Robillard (comte de)» (t.5 p.161; t.6 p.286), and index Godard («Désiré») separately on the same t.5 page, so the line names two men: Godard, and the count (0.85).

Comte de Saint-Sauveur

French nobleman in Nice society.

Comte de Sainte Croix

A comte de Sainte-Croix named once, on 1874-06-12 (020.0225): «Depuis son histoire avec Gambetta je voudrais voir le comte de Sainte-Croix.» The Mon Journal t.3 index has «Sainte-Croix (comte de), 230». Marie wants to see him because of a well-known quarrel with the republican leader [#Gambetta](../politicians/GAMBETTA.md), which was in the news that month.

Comte de Souza

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte de Tanlay

comte de Valori

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Doenhoff

Comte Édouard de Lambertye

Marie's inventive cruelty toward Lambertye produces a rich lexicon of insults:

Comte et Comtesse Cancrine

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Etienne

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Francesco Caracciolo dei principi di Torchiaroli

- **Title**: Comte (Count) Francesco Caracciolo, of the princes of Torchiarolo

Comte Gabrielli

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Grimau

A count known to M. Yourkoff, encountered at the circus in Geneva in May 1873. Marie notes that all the previous winter in Nice, the Bashkirtseffs had mistaken him for "Audiffret aîné" (the elder Audiffret). He appears at least once again in Nice entries of summer 1873.

Comte Hector de La Ferrière-Percy

Count Hector de La Ferrière-Percy (1811–1896; one library record gives 1898), historian of sixteenth-century France and editor of the *Lettres de Catherine de Médicis* for the Collection de documents inédits (vols 1–5 from 1880), e.g. «Lettres de Catherine de Médicis, publiées par M. le comte Hector de La Ferrière» (archive.org, lettresdecatheri02cathuoft). Not the couture house [Laferrière](../../culture/fashion/LAFERRIERE.md).

Comte Ignacy Gurowski

Marie calls him «le comte Gurowski (beau-frère de la Reine Isabelle)» (086.0624). That fits Count Ignacy Gurowski (1812–1887), a Polish nobleman who married the Infanta Isabel Fernanda, sister of Francisco de Asís, husband of Isabella II (Wikipedia, «Ignacy Gurowski») (0.8). The Mon Journal t.13 index lists «Gurowski (Comte Ignace) : 131».

Comte Joachim Murat

Joachim Joseph André Murat, comte Murat (1828–1904), Bonapartist deputy for the Lot under the Second Empire and the Third Republic, a member of the Appel au peuple group (Wikipedia, «Joachim Joseph André Murat»). The Mon Journal t.13 index lists «Murat (Joachim comte) : 132, 182-183, 296», «Murat (comtesse, épouse du précédent) : 296» and «Murat (fils des précédents) : 183». Identification of Marie's «comte J. Murat» with the deputy rests on the name and on Marie's description of his political role (0.8).

Comte Joseph Victor d'Aspremont

A Niçois nobleman, a leading figure of the Nice carnival committee, the Exposition de Nice and the Audiffret set, whom Marie knows from 1874 to 1882. The Mon Journal indexes him as «Aspremont (M. d')» in t.4–t.10 and, in t.13 and t.14, as «Aspremont d' (Joseph Victor, comte)»; that full name is the editors', not Marie's, and I did not verify it elsewhere. He is married («M. et Mme d'Aspremont», 049.0436).

Comte Laurenti

Comte Laurier

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Miloradovitch

A count of the Miloradovitch family, relative of Marie's suitor [Gritz Miloradovitch](GRITZ_MILORADOVITCH.md) and a different person from him. Marie: "Gritz nous a fait une courte visite en compagnie de son parent le comte Miloradovitch, aide de camp de l'Empereur, personnage peu intéressant et antipathique" (067.0049). The Mon Journal t.9 index keeps them apart: "Miloradovitch (comte)" (pp. 25, 126, 142, 170) and "Miloradovitch (Gritsi, Gritz)".

Comte Mirafiore

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Mouravieff

A friend of Paul Yssayevitch (see [#Paul Yssayevitch](../recurring/PAUL_YSSAYEVITCH.md)) in Vilna (Wilna). On 1876-08-04 (064.0413), as Marie travels to Russia and her train passes Wilna in the night, she explains that Paul, who is in Petersburg with the governor-general Albedinsky, «avait chargé son ami le comte Mouravieff de venir à ma rencontre. Mais ce comte a été dérangé en vain, attendu que nous avons passé Wilna cette nuit à trois heures et je dormais comme une bienheureuse.» The Mon Journal t.8 index has «Mouravieff (comte): 346», the only entry.

comte Multedo

Comte Pominsky («Bog»)

A man of Roman society whom Marie calls «Bog». She gives his real name only once: «Bog, comte de Pominsky de son vrai nom, lance plus que jamais ses œillades. Cette bête impertinente ne manque pas d'agrément» (068/1877-01-05). The Mon Journal t.9 index has two entries, «Bog : 73» and «Pominsky (comte Bog) : 249». Nothing further is known, and the diary does not explain the nickname.

Comte Protassoff Bachmatieff

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comte Scotti

Comte Valery

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse Acard (Mme Justine Couvelet)

The mother of [Julia Acard](../mentioned/JULIA_ACARD.md), and so the mother-in-law of Paul de [Cassagnac](../recurring/CASSAGNAC.md). Formerly the comtesse Acard, she married M. Couvelet, a former officer, a week before her daughter's wedding to Cassagnac in June 1878 (085.0231; the wedding report with the witnesses «M. Couvelet, ancien officier, et M. Clément Laurier» is pasted in 081/1878-06-28). The index of *Mon Journal* t.13 has «Acard (Mme Justine) épouse Couvelet : 28-29, 41, 294» and «Couvelet (Mme Justine) ex épouse Acard : 28, 46, 51, 56, 62, 74, 77, 80, 109, 294»; her husband is «Couvelet-Berthault (Jules-Louis) : 28, 56, 109, 294».

Comtesse Antonelli, née Garcia

The wife of Pietro Antonelli's first cousin, the only son of one of Cardinal Antonelli's brothers, and daughter of the comtesse Garcia, an old friend of Mme de Mouzay. Marie: «Le premier a un fils qui, marié à la fille de la comtesse Garcia depuis huit ans déjà, n'a pas d'enfants et n'en aura pas» (059.0601); «Le beau-père de la Garcia donnera sa fortune à son fils. Mais son fils n'a pas d'enfants et sa femme née Garcia est trop grasse pour lui en donner» (059.0630). Mme de Mouzay's letter of recommendation of December 1875 is addressed to her: «une pour la comtesse Antonelli née Garcia, palais Antonelli» (051.0104). In Paris on 17 July 1876 Marie thinks she recognises her portrait: «N'est-ce pas que c'est la comtesse Antonelli, née Garcia, c'est son portrait ?» (063.0406).

Comtesse Benvenuti

A countess whom Marie meets in society first at Nice in 1873 and again, on several summers, in the German spas; the diary gives no first name and no husband's given name. The Mon Journal t.1 index lists «Benvenuti (comte), 81» and «Benvenuti (comtesse), 81, 131».

Comtesse Coloredo

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse de Bailleul

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse de Bailleul

Mme (la comtesse) de Bailleul is a Parisian society woman, a family friend of the Bashkirtseffs from 1879 to 1883 and a constant dinner guest: in February 1880 "the mother Bailleul is a friend altogether, she dines with us three times a week, and la Mouzay calls her a sponger" (087.0488). Her first name and her husbands' identities are not given; they have not been found in outside sources, so who she was beyond the diary is not established.

Comtesse de Balincourt

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse de Balzorano

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse de Bari

The wife of the comte de Bari ([COMTE_DE_BARI](../mentioned/COMTE_DE_BARI.md)), brother of the last King of Naples: «Le comte de Bari, frère du roi de Naples qui a épousé une coureuse à ce qu'on dit» (094.0175, January 1882); «La Bari est la femme légitime du frère du roi de Naples, mais ancienne marcheuse de l'Opéra» (098.0104, January 1883). Mon Journal indexes: t.15 «Bari (comtesse de) : 164, 176»; t.16 «Bari (comtesse de) : 15».

comtesse de Fayet

Comtesse de Galve

Countess who has moved to London, envied by Marie.

Comtesse de Larderei

Comtesse de Merenberg

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse de Mirafiore

Comtesse de Montebello

A young society beauty of the Lannes de Montebello family (descendants of Napoleon's marshal Jean Lannes, duc de Montebello) whom Marie meets in the aristocratic world of the Faubourg Saint-Germain in 1880 and admires in 1883.

Comtesse dOsmond de Fille

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse Harzinski

Polish aristocrat in Nice society during the 1870s.

Comtesse Kiseleff

The mother of Duke Clément Torlonia, born Ruspoli, remarried to Count Kiseleff. Marie: «Torlonia comprend le russe, sa mère, née Ruspoli s'est remariée en secondes noces avec le comte Kiseleff, ministre de Russie à Florence» (055.0669). Mon Journal t.7 index: «Kiseleff (comtesse), mère de Torlonia; née Ruspoli : 140, 277» and «Torlonia (duchesse Marie), mère, née Ruspoli, remariée au comte Kiseleff». She is Francesca Torlonia, née Princess Ruspoli (1830–1902), widow of the poet Giovanni Torlonia (1831–1858), duke of Poli and Guadagnolo (it.wikipedia «Torlonia»), who married on 10 November 1863 in Paris Count Nikolai Dmitrievich Kiselev (1800–1869), Russian envoy to the Roman and Tuscan courts from 1855 and to the Kingdom of Italy from 1864 until his death in Florence on 26 November 1869 (ru.wikipedia «Киселёв, Николай Дмитриевич») (0.85). The t.7 index calls her «duchesse Marie»; the sources call her Francesca.

Comtesse Murat

- Type: people - aristocracy

Comtesse Projex

Comtesse Rudiger

A countess who visits Marie at Wiesbaden on 25 August 1875, described as «cette vieille célébrité» (039.0248: «Le soir vient la comtesse Rudiger, cette vieille célébrité. Et bientôt après nous partons pour notre adorable Schlangenbad»). The Mon Journal t.5 index has «Rudiger (comtesse), 261» (this paragraph; the RSR note on it cites scan p.262).

Comtesse Somaglia

Comtesse Souhtclan

- Type: people - aristocracy

Concarneau

Concarneau, a fishing port in Finistère, Brittany, a favourite summer place of the painters of the 1880s (Bastien-Lepage, the Académie Julian students, the Anglo-American colony). In October 1883 Marie plans to go and paint there and Julian calls it «une folie en cette saison» (101.0486–0489, 101.0547, 101.0552, 101.0587); Bastien-Lepage's Concarneau studies of 1883 (103.0026, 103.0702).

Concert of sacred music, Società Filarmonica, Naples (25 March 1877)

A "concerto vocale e strumentale di musica sacra" given by the amateur [Società Filarmonica](../../places/social/SOCIETA_FILARMONICA.md) of [Naples](../../places/cities/NAPLES.md) on **Sunday 25 March 1877** (Palm Sunday in 1877; Easter fell on 1 April), with singers drawn from the Neapolitan aristocracy and a volunteer orchestra of gentlemen "dilettanti". Marie, her mother, [Dina](../../people/core/DINA.md) and Olga Hamontoff attended. She pasted the printed programme into her diary (069.0518-0520), having announced it in 069.0516 ("Ce soir concert à la Filarmonica dont voici le programme").

Concert Pasdeloup

The Concerts Pasdeloup were popular Sunday orchestral concerts in Paris, founded in 1861 by conductor Jules Pasdeloup (1819-1887). They were known as "Concerts populaires de musique classique" (Popular Concerts of Classical Music).

Concierge

[Research needed]

Concours

[Research needed]

Conquista

A person seen with Lambertye leaving the Duchess de Mouchy's residence.

Conseil de guerre de la Seine

- Type: people - mentioned

Conseil dEtat

- Type: people - mentioned

Conservateurs

- Type: people - mentioned

Conservatoire

The Conservatoire de musique et de déclamation in Paris (087.0485, 096.0012 the prize-giving, 099.0226 «premier prix du Conservatoire»); in Naples in 1877 the Conservatorio di San Pietro a Majella, where Olga Hamontoff studies (069.0261, 069.0555).

Constantin

- Type: people - mentioned

Constantin Eristoff

Prince Constantin Eristoff, lover of Marie's paternal aunt Mme Tutcheff: the Mon Journal t.9 index has "Eristoff (prince Constantin), (fils du prince Emile Eristoff), amant de la tante Tutcheff". In August 1876 he is in Monaco with Marie's father and Mme Tutcheff (065/1876-08-30), where Marie also blames him for wrecking a marriage planned for Pacha's sister ("Constantin Eristoff complota tant et dit tant de vilenies que le mariage s'est dérangé", same entry). At Gavronzi in October 1876 he arrives after the Tutcheffs (067.0167), forbidden to come near Marie (067.0174); "Son prince est à Poltava" (067.0204) refers to him.

Constantin Pavlovitch

Constantine Bashkirtseff

Constantinople

Capital of Ottoman Empire (modern Istanbul), destination of Hamilton's Middle Eastern journey.

Consul

Consulat

The Russian consulate, mostly the consulate general in Paris, where Marie has papers legalised and signed in the inheritance affairs of 1883 (099.0348–0349, 100.0288, 101.0427, 101.0430, 101.0440, 101.0457). The Russian Orthodox Easter service of 1877 in Naples, held in «la chancellerie du Consulat» (070.0264), is the Russian consulate there. Not the Consulat of French history (1799–1804), which Marie names for a dress style (087.0853, 091.0213, untagged).

Cooper

- Type: people - mentioned

Coquelin

[Research needed]

Coquelin cadet

Alexandre Honoré Ernest Coquelin (1848-1909), known as Coquelin cadet ("the younger Coquelin"), was a French actor and comedian at the Comédie-Française. He was the younger brother of the more famous Constant Coquelin (Coquelin aîné), who created the role of Cyrano de Bergerac. Coquelin cadet was renowned for his comic monologues and his portrayal of eccentric characters. He was a sociétaire (full member) of the Comédie-Française from 1879.

Coran

- Type: people - mentioned

Cordoba (Cordoue)

Cordoba, once the capital of the Moorish Caliphate of Cordoba (929-1031) and one of the most splendid cities in medieval Europe, was a stop on the Bashkirtseff family's Spanish travels. The city's chief attraction was the Mezquita (Great Mosque), one of the finest examples of Islamic architecture in the world, converted into a cathedral after the Christian Reconquista in 1236.

Corinne ou l'Italie (Madame de Staël)

*Corinne ou l'Italie* (1807) is the most famous novel of Germaine de Staël. It tells the love of Corinne, an Anglo-Italian poet and improvisatrice who is crowned on the Capitol in Rome, and the English nobleman Oswald, Lord Nelvil, who loves her but in the end gives in to his family's wishes and marries her half-sister. Much of the book is a guide to Rome, Naples, Florence and Venice and a reflection on Italian art, history and customs. (Wikipedia, "Corinne, or Italy".) It was the canonical literary evocation of Rome for the nineteenth century, and the model of the woman of genius whom society punishes.

Corinthienne

«La Corinthienne» is a villa in Nice, a house name, not a person (this file sits in people/mentioned by mistake; it belongs under places/residences). Marie lists it among the houses she sees from her window at the Villa Acqua Viva in early 1873: «A gauche le pavillon Acqua Viva, les pavillons Lyons, la grande maison, la Corinthienne, la villa Stirbey, la ex-pension Renoir» (006.0039, 19 June 1873, recalling February-March).

Cornillon

- Type: people - mentioned

Coronation

The coronation of Tsar Alexander III, held at Moscow in May 1883 (en.wikipedia «Alexander III of Russia»); it brought the traditional coronation amnesty.

Corot

[Research needed]

Corps Legislatif

Corse

- Type: places - regions

Corso

- Type: places - cities

Coube

[Research needed]

Coulommiers

- Type: people - mentioned

Couloume Mondebat

- Type: people - mentioned

Count Alessandro de Larderel

Count Alessandro de Larderel

Count Alessandro (Alexandre) de Larderel was a Florentine aristocrat, grandson of [François Jacques de Larderel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacques_de_Larderel) (1790-1858), the French-born industrialist who founded the boric acid extraction industry in Tuscany and was created Count of Montecerboli by Grand Duke Leopold II. Alessandro was one of Marie Bashkirtseff's most intense romantic infatuations, dominating her diary from spring 1876 through autumn 1877. Marie herself later classified the episode as a "violente toquade" (violent infatuation) -- passionate but ultimately one-sided, built more on fantasy than substance.

Count Arnim

A Prussian count of the Nice winter society of 1874 and 1875: «un comte Arnim, Prussien», said by «les méchantes langues» to be the good friend of Princess Souvoroff (017.0091, 1 March 1874). In November 1874 Marie calls him «le comte Arnim celui de l'année passée» (026.0030) and on 6 December «le comte A. d'Arnim» (027.0181), so the two seasons concern one man. She notices him for his complexion, «frais et capable de plaire» (027.0181), «un homme qui n'est qu'à cause de son teint» (027.0354).

Count Harry von Arnim

Count Harry von Arnim (Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von Arnim-Suckow, 1824–1881), German ambassador in Paris from 1872 until his recall in 1874. Bismarck had him prosecuted for keeping embassy documents («the Arnim affair», 1874–75); he was convicted and died in exile at Nice in 1881 (en.wikipedia «Harry von Arnim»).

Count Markoff

Count Markoff

Russian count in Nice society.

Count Merjeewsky

Count Michel Tichkevitch

Count Oscar Angelini

A Roman count of Marie's acquaintance in Rome, 1876-1877. Marie describes him at the Apollo on 27 December 1876 as «le comte Oscar Angelini, neveu de l'empereur Guillaume du côté gauche, gras et barbu» (068.0311), i.e. said to be an illegitimate relative of Emperor William I of Germany; Kernberger (2013) renders "nephew of Emperor William on the left". No independent confirmation of this parentage has been found.

Count Pietro Antonelli

[Count Pietro Antonelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Antonelli) (Rome, April 29, 1853 -- at sea, January 11, 1901) was an Italian nobleman, diplomat, and African explorer who became one of Marie Bashkirtseff's most significant romantic interests during her extended stay in Rome from January to May 1876. The nephew of [Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Antonelli) (1806-1876), the powerful Vatican Secretary of State often called the "Italian Richelieu," Pietro occupied a singular position at the intersection of papal and secular Roman society. Marie's intense, ambivalent attachment to him -- never quite love, never quite indifference -- dominates approximately six months of diary entries and produces some of her most psychologically penetrating writing.

Count Starzinsky

Count Yorkoff

Russian nobleman in Nice society.

Countess Luise von Alten, Duchess of Manchester

The Duchess of Manchester was Countess Luise Friederike Auguste von Alten (15 October 1832 -- 15 July 1911), a German noblewoman who married William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester, in 1852. She was the mother of Lady Mary Montagu, who married the Duke of Hamilton in 1873.

Coupé

A coupé (from French *couper*, to cut) is an enclosed horse-drawn carriage with a fixed roof, seating for two passengers, and a coachman's seat outside. The name indicates that it is "cut" — a shortened version of a larger coach, typically with only one interior compartment and a single door on each side.

Courses

- Type: people - mentioned

Courses Florence

- Type: people - mentioned

Courson de La Villeneuve

Young man introduced to Marie at a ball in Nice, July 1875.

Courtès

Comte de Courtès, a young provincial nobleman (from Angoulême, «son Angolème», 087.0772) among Marie's Paris acquaintance of winter 1879–80, whom she finds tiresome. The Mon Journal t.13 index lists «Courtès (comte de)», with some twenty pages from 121 to 344.

Couvelet

Jules-Louis Couvelet(-Berthault), «ancien officier», who married Justine, the widowed comtesse Acard, in June 1878, a week before her daughter Julia married Paul de Cassagnac, and was one of Julia's witnesses (081.0093, *Le Figaro*, 28 June 1878; 085.0231). He was thus Cassagnac's stepfather-in-law: in June 1880 *Le Figaro* reports the Cassagnac christening «au château de Garges (Seine-et-Oise) chez M. Couvelet le beau-père de M. de Cassagnac» (089.0008). The Mon Journal t.13 index has «Couvelet-Berthault (Jules-Louis) : 28, 56, 109, 294». His wife has her own entry, [COMTESSE_ACARD](../aristocracy/COMTESSE_ACARD.md).

Couvent du Bon Pasteur (Nice)

The convent of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd (Bon Pasteur), the congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, founded at Angers by Mary Euphrasia Pelletier (first house 1829; the congregation approved by Rome in 1835) for the care of girls and the reform of «repentant» prostitutes (Wikipedia, «Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd»; aaef-asso.fr). The convent Marie visits is in Nice on the evidence of the diary: she means to talk with its Mother Superior every Sunday once «à la maison» (060.0578) and pays a farewell visit before leaving Nice for Paris (063.0009). Nothing in the diary gives its street, and its foundation date was not found.

Cresci

Italian impresario and singing teacher in Nice. Marie calls him «Cresci le directeur de l'Opéra» (044, 1875-09-22), i.e. the Italian opera of Nice, in the season 1875–76; Audiffret introduces them and wants him to give her lessons. In June 1876 he is her singing teacher: «Ce matin j'ai pris la première leçon avec Cresci» (062, 1876-06-17). The edition's index calls him «Cresci (professeur de chant)» (Mon Journal t.8, index). First name not found.

Creuse

- Type: people - mentioned

Crimea

Crimea is a peninsula jutting into the Black Sea from the southern coast of Ukraine. Most of the peninsula consists of steppe (prairie, often cool and dry), but the Crimean Mountains, which slope directly into the sea, create a second warmer and sunnier climate zone along the southern coast. This unique climate made Crimea an ideal location for health resorts, particularly the city of Yalta.

Crimean War

The Crimean War (1853-1856) was a major military conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia. The war was primarily fought on the Crimean Peninsula.

Crimee

Crispin

- Type: people - mentioned

Croizette

Croquet

Cross

Family of the naval officer who married Zoé Pelikan (see [#Zoé Pelikan](ZOE_PELIKAN.md)) in 1875.

Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace at Sydenham, south London: the iron-and-glass hall first built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851, bought by a private company in 1854 and re-erected on Sydenham Hill, where it housed exhibitions, concerts and events until it burned down in 1936 (en.wikipedia «Sydenham, London»; London Museum, «Crystal Palace, Sydenham»).

Cuneo

Baron Gustave Cuneo d'Ornano (b. 1845), Bonapartist deputy for Charente (arrondissement of Cognac), who sat with the Appel au peuple group and voted with the monarchist minority (en.wikipedia «Gustave Cunéo d'Ornano»). The Mon Journal t.12 and t.13 indexes list «Cuneo d'Ornano (Gustave), homme politique» (t.12 p.243; t.13 pp.38–39).

Cure thermale

A cure thermale (thermal cure or spa treatment) was a course of medical treatment at a thermal spa, typically involving bathing in or drinking mineral waters believed to have healing properties. In the 19th century, thermal cures were a cornerstone of medical practice, prescribed for a wide range of ailments including respiratory diseases, rheumatism, skin conditions, and nervous disorders.

Cuyer

- Type: people - mentioned